[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":425},["ShallowReactive",2],{"answers-\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-methods\u002Fwork-out-your-sample-size":3,"answers-cluster-research-methods":107,"answers-related-\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-methods\u002Fwork-out-your-sample-size":142},{"id":4,"title":5,"answer":6,"body":7,"cluster":69,"description":70,"extension":71,"faq":72,"heading":75,"intro":63,"kind":76,"meta":77,"navigation":78,"order":79,"outbound":80,"path":87,"primaryQuery":88,"product":89,"related":90,"seo":93,"sources":94,"stem":105,"updated":98,"__hash__":106},"answers\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-methods\u002Fwork-out-your-sample-size.md","How to Work Out the Sample Size You Need","Decide the smallest effect that would matter, the significance level, and the power you want, then run a power calculation for your planned analysis. The hard part is the effect size, since it comes from prior research or from a judgment about what would be practically meaningful, not from the software.",{"type":8,"value":9,"toc":62},"minimark",[10,14,17,20,23,26,29,32,37,40,43,46,49,53,56,59],[11,12,13],"p",{},"The calculation itself takes minutes in any statistics package. Everything difficult is upstream of it, in the numbers you feed in, and that is where the reviewer questions land.",[11,15,16],{},"The effect size is the hard input. Three sources are defensible: a meta-analysis or prior study in a comparable population, a pilot study of your own, or a judgment about the smallest effect that would be practically meaningful. The third is often the best, because it ties the study to a decision rather than to a previous estimate that may itself be inflated.",[11,18,19],{},"Be careful using a published effect size directly. Published effects are systematically larger than true effects, because studies that found large effects are more likely to be published, so powering a study on a published estimate frequently produces a study that is underpowered for the real effect. Assuming something smaller is the safer choice.",[11,21,22],{},"How much that input matters is easy to underestimate. Holding power at 0.80, Serdar and colleagues report that a standardized effect of 0.20 requires 788 observations, while an effect of 2.5 reaches roughly 0.80 power with 8 (Serdar et al., 2021, p. 9). Halving your assumed effect does not add a few participants to the total, it multiplies it. The number you defend to a reviewer is the effect size, and the sample follows from it.",[11,24,25],{},"Then add for attrition and exclusions. A calculation returning 128 participants means 128 in the analysis, not 128 recruited. If you expect 20 percent dropout, recruit 160, and say so in the protocol.",[11,27,28],{},"If your study is a descriptive survey rather than a hypothesis test, the inputs change to population size, margin of error, and confidence level. For a population of 10,000, a 95 percent confidence level with a 5 percent margin of error gives 370 respondents. Move the confidence level to 90 or 99 percent and the requirement becomes 264 or 623. Hold confidence at 95 percent and change the margin of error instead, and it becomes 96 at 10 percent or 4,900 at 1 percent (Serdar et al., 2021, p. 22). Precision, not confidence, is what drives the recruitment cost.",[11,30,31],{},"None of this transfers to interview-based work, where the equivalent question is when to stop. Vasileiou and colleagues report saturation at interview 12 in one homogeneous and tightly focused study, 20 to 40 interviews where meta-themes had to hold across sites, and 17 interviews where the theoretical constructs were specified in advance. The same review separates code saturation at around 9 interviews from meaning saturation at 16 to 24 (Vasileiou et al., 2018, p. 3). Those are not rival answers to one question, they track scope, heterogeneity, number of sites, and whether you want to name issues or understand them in depth. Saturation accounted for 55 percent of the sample size justifications in that review, and none of those claims was substantiated through the study procedures the authors reported (Vasileiou et al., 2018, p. 15). If you cite saturation, show the analytic steps that produced it.",[33,34,36],"h2",{"id":35},"what-is-a-power-analysis-actually-doing","What is a power analysis actually doing?",[11,38,39],{},"Working out how many observations you need for your test to detect an effect of a stated size, given a chosen false-positive rate, with a stated probability. Power of 80 percent means that if the effect is really that size, you would find it in eight studies out of ten.",[11,41,42],{},"Four quantities are linked: sample size, effect size, significance level, and power. Fix any three and the fourth follows, which is why the same tool can answer either \"how many do I need\" or \"what could I have detected\".",[11,44,45],{},"This is also why a conventional number like 30 fails as a default. In a two-group comparison with Gaussian outcomes, alpha at 0.05 and power at 0.80, a standardized effect of 1 does return a total of 30 (Serdar et al., 2021, p. 4). Fix the sample at 30 and shrink the effect to 0.2, and the same design is badly underpowered (Serdar et al., 2021, p. 9). The 30 was never a rule, it was the answer to one particular set of assumptions.",[11,47,48],{},"The version to avoid is post hoc power, calculating power from the effect you observed after the study. It is a restatement of your p value rather than new information, and reviewers who know this will say so.",[33,50,52],{"id":51},"what-do-i-do-if-i-cannot-reach-the-number","What do I do if I cannot reach the number?",[11,54,55],{},"Say so and adjust the claim. Report the effect size your achievable sample can detect, and frame the study around that. A small study reported honestly, with confidence intervals and no significance claims it cannot support, is publishable. One that hides its power is not.",[11,57,58],{},"There are also design routes that recover power without more participants: repeated measures within the same people, more reliable measurement instruments, a more homogeneous sample, or a continuous outcome instead of a dichotomized one. Dichotomizing a continuous measure is a surprisingly common and expensive way to lose power.",[11,60,61],{},"Where the study is genuinely underpowered and must go ahead, treat it as estimation rather than testing. Report the estimate and its interval, describe the study as preliminary, and let the interval speak about the uncertainty.",{"title":63,"searchDepth":64,"depth":64,"links":65},"",4,[66,68],{"id":35,"depth":67,"text":36},2,{"id":51,"depth":67,"text":52},"research-methods","How to calculate the sample size for a quantitative study, what a power analysis is actually doing, and what to do when the number you need is out of reach.","md",[73,74],{"q":36,"a":39},{"q":52,"a":55},"How do I calculate the sample size for a study?","answer",{},true,6,[81,84],{"label":82,"to":83},"Hypothesis generation and testing","\u002Fdocs\u002Fresearch-workflows\u002Fhypothesis-generation-and-testing",{"label":85,"to":86},"Comparative analysis as a workflow","\u002Fdocs\u002Fresearch-workflows\u002Fcomparative-analysis","\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-methods\u002Fwork-out-your-sample-size","how to calculate sample size for a study",null,[91,92],"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-data\u002Fwhat-preregistration-is","\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-data\u002Fwrite-a-data-management-plan",{"title":5,"description":70},[95,99,102],{"label":96,"url":97,"checked":98},"Serdar et al., Sample size, power and effect size revisited: simplified and practical approaches in pre-clinical, clinical and laboratory studies, Biochemia Medica (2021)","https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.11613\u002FBM.2021.010502","2026-08-06",{"label":100,"url":101,"checked":98},"Greenland et al., Statistical tests, P values, confidence intervals, and power: a guide to misinterpretations, European Journal of Epidemiology (2016)","https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1007\u002Fs10654-016-0149-3",{"label":103,"url":104,"checked":98},"Vasileiou et al., Characterising and justifying sample size sufficiency in interview-based studies: systematic analysis of qualitative health research over a 15-year period, BMC Medical Research Methodology (2018)","https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1186\u002Fs12874-018-0594-7","answers\u002Fresearch-methods\u002Fwork-out-your-sample-size","37tSIebYPexs7mLE1WUbQGoJLI0XLJit4SPRlmvQAzk",[108,113,117,122,126,131,132,137],{"path":109,"heading":110,"description":111,"order":112},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-methods\u002Fhow-to-do-thematic-analysis","How do I do thematic analysis step by step?","The steps of thematic analysis in order, the difference between a code and a theme, and how to tell whether a theme came from the data or from your expectations.",1,{"path":114,"heading":115,"description":116,"order":67},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-methods\u002Fhow-many-interviews-is-enough","How many interviews are enough for a qualitative study?","How many interviews a qualitative study actually needs, how to tell when saturation has been reached, and how to justify the number to reviewers and examiners.",{"path":118,"heading":119,"description":120,"order":121},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-methods\u002Finductive-or-deductive-coding","What is the difference between inductive and deductive thematic analysis?","The difference between inductive and deductive thematic analysis, whether the two can be combined in one study, and how to report which approach you used.",3,{"path":123,"heading":124,"description":125,"order":64},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-methods\u002Frigour-in-qualitative-research","How do I show rigour in qualitative research?","What rigour means in qualitative work, whether inter-rater reliability is needed, and what reflexivity looks like in practice rather than as a stated intention.",{"path":127,"heading":128,"description":129,"order":130},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-methods\u002Fchoose-a-statistical-test","How do I choose which statistical test to use?","How to work out which statistical test your data needs, the questions that decide the answer, and what to do when the assumptions of your chosen test fail.",5,{"path":87,"heading":75,"description":70,"order":79},{"path":133,"heading":134,"description":135,"order":136},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-methods\u002Fwhat-a-p-value-means","What does a p value actually mean?","What a p value does and does not tell you, how to interpret a non-significant result, and why effect sizes and intervals usually belong alongside it.",7,{"path":138,"heading":139,"description":140,"order":141},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-methods\u002Fintegrate-mixed-methods-data","How do I integrate qualitative and quantitative data in a mixed methods study?","How to genuinely integrate qualitative and quantitative strands rather than reporting them separately, the standard designs, and where integration is written up.",8,[143,146,149,152,155,158,161,164,167,170,173,176,179,182,185,188,191,194,197,200,203,206,209,212,215,218,221,224,227,230,233,236,239,242,245,248,251,254,257,260,263,266,269,272,275,278,281,284,287,290,293,296,299,302,305,308,311,314,317,320,323,326,329,332,335,338,341,344,347,350,353,356,359,362,365,368,371,374,377,380,383,386,388,390,393,396,399,402,405,408,411,414,417,418,419,420,421,422,423,424],{"path":144,"heading":145},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fdraft-without-stopping-for-citations","How do I draft when I keep stopping to look up citations?",{"path":147,"heading":148},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fhow-long-should-a-literature-review-chapter-be","How long should a literature review chapter be?",{"path":150,"heading":151},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fparaphrase-without-plagiarizing","How do I paraphrase a source without plagiarizing?",{"path":153,"heading":154},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fstructure-a-phd-thesis","How do I structure a PhD thesis chapter by chapter?",{"path":156,"heading":157},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fthesis-by-publication-or-monograph","Should I do a thesis by publication or a monograph?",{"path":159,"heading":160},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fwrite-a-discussion-section","How do I write a discussion section without repeating the results?",{"path":162,"heading":163},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fwrite-a-methodology-chapter","How do I write a methodology chapter?",{"path":165,"heading":166},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fwrite-a-thesis-introduction","How do I write a thesis introduction?",{"path":168,"heading":169},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fwrite-an-abstract","How do I write an abstract for a research paper?",{"path":171,"heading":172},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fwrite-consistently-during-a-phd","How do I write consistently during a PhD?",{"path":174,"heading":175},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fai-for-systematic-review-screening","Can I use AI for screening in a systematic review?",{"path":177,"heading":178},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fare-ai-detectors-reliable","Are AI detectors reliable?",{"path":180,"heading":181},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fcan-an-ai-be-an-author","Can an AI tool be listed as an author on a paper?",{"path":183,"heading":184},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fcan-i-use-ai-for-a-literature-review","Can I use AI for a literature review?",{"path":186,"heading":187},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fcan-you-trust-an-ai-summary","Can I trust AI summaries of research papers?",{"path":189,"heading":190},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fdisclose-ai-use-in-a-paper","Do I need to disclose AI use in a research paper?",{"path":192,"heading":193},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fhow-to-cite-chatgpt","How do I cite ChatGPT in APA 7?",{"path":195,"heading":196},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fis-using-chatgpt-plagiarism","Is using ChatGPT for academic writing plagiarism?",{"path":198,"heading":199},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fusing-ai-in-a-phd-thesis","Can I use AI in a PhD thesis?",{"path":201,"heading":202},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fusing-ai-to-write-a-peer-review","Can I use AI to help write a peer review?",{"path":204,"heading":205},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fverify-ai-generated-citations","How do I check whether AI-generated citations are real?",{"path":207,"heading":208},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fwhy-ai-answers-better-on-your-own-pdfs","Why does an AI answer better when it reads my own PDFs?",{"path":210,"heading":211},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fwhy-chatgpt-invents-references","Why does ChatGPT make up references?",{"path":213,"heading":214},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fcheck-every-claim-against-its-citation","How do I check that every claim in my thesis is supported by its citation?",{"path":216,"heading":217},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fcite-the-paper-you-read-or-the-original","Should I cite the paper I read or the original study it references?",{"path":219,"heading":220},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fcited-source-does-not-say-that","What do I do when a paper's cited source does not support its claim?",{"path":222,"heading":223},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fciting-a-paper-you-cannot-access","Can I cite a paper I cannot get hold of?",{"path":225,"heading":226},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fciting-a-review-instead-of-the-original","Is citing a review instead of the original research bad practice?",{"path":228,"heading":229},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fdo-i-need-to-cite-everything","Do I need to cite absolutely everything in a thesis?",{"path":231,"heading":232},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fhow-much-self-citation","How much self-citation is acceptable?",{"path":234,"heading":235},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fjournal-page-number-or-pdf-page-number","Do I use the journal page number or the PDF page number in a citation?",{"path":237,"heading":238},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fquoting-a-source-in-another-language","How do I quote a source in another language in an English thesis?",{"path":240,"heading":241},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fwhere-does-the-citation-go","Where should a citation go when only one clause in a sentence needs support?",{"path":243,"heading":244},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fyou-described-a-result-too-broadly","How do I fix a sentence that describes a study's result too broadly?",{"path":246,"heading":247},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fzotero-or-mendeley","Should I use Zotero or Mendeley for a PhD?",{"path":249,"heading":250},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fbuild-a-synthesis-matrix","How do I build a synthesis matrix when my themes keep changing as I read?",{"path":252,"heading":253},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fkeep-a-literature-review-current","How do I keep a literature review current over a multi-year PhD?",{"path":255,"heading":256},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fliterature-review-synthesis-or-summary","How do I know if my literature review is synthesis or just a summary?",{"path":258,"heading":259},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fliterature-review-too-descriptive","What does it mean when a supervisor says a literature review is too descriptive?",{"path":261,"heading":262},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fnarrative-scoping-or-systematic-review","What is the difference between a narrative literature review and a systematic review?",{"path":264,"heading":265},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Forganize-literature-review-by-argument","How do I organize a literature review by argument instead of by paper?",{"path":267,"heading":268},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Freview-that-leads-to-your-question","How do I write a literature review that leads logically to my research question?",{"path":270,"heading":271},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fscreening-abstracts-for-a-review","How do I screen hundreds of abstracts for a systematic review?",{"path":273,"heading":274},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fstudies-with-opposite-conclusions","What do I write when two studies on the same question reach opposite conclusions?",{"path":276,"heading":277},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fsynthesis-matrix-into-paragraphs","How do I turn a synthesis matrix into literature review paragraphs?",{"path":279,"heading":280},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fsystematic-review-search-strategy","How do I build a search strategy for a systematic review?",{"path":282,"heading":283},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fwhen-to-stop-searching-for-papers","How do I know when to stop searching for papers for a literature review?",{"path":285,"heading":286},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fphd-life\u002Fdefend-your-methodology-in-a-viva","How do I defend my methodology in a viva?",{"path":288,"heading":289},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fphd-life\u002Fimposter-syndrome-in-a-phd","How do I deal with imposter syndrome during a PhD?",{"path":291,"heading":292},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fphd-life\u002Fplan-a-realistic-phd-timeline","How do I plan a realistic PhD timeline?",{"path":294,"heading":295},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fphd-life\u002Fpostdoc-or-industry","Should I do a postdoc or go to industry after my PhD?",{"path":297,"heading":298},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fphd-life\u002Fprepare-for-a-phd-viva","How do I prepare for a PhD viva?",{"path":300,"heading":301},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fphd-life\u002Fstop-procrastinating-on-your-phd","How do I stop procrastinating on my PhD?",{"path":303,"heading":304},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fphd-life\u002Fwhat-happens-if-a-viva-goes-badly","What happens if you fail a PhD viva?",{"path":306,"heading":307},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fphd-life\u002Fwhen-your-supervisor-is-not-supportive","What do I do when my PhD supervisor is not supportive?",{"path":309,"heading":310},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fphd-life\u002Fwrite-an-academic-cv","How do I write an academic CV for a postdoc application?",{"path":312,"heading":313},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Fchoose-a-journal","How do I choose a journal for my paper?",{"path":315,"heading":316},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Fdo-you-pay-to-publish-open-access","Do I have to pay to publish open access?",{"path":318,"heading":319},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Fhow-author-order-is-decided","How is author order decided on a paper?",{"path":321,"heading":322},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Fhow-peer-review-works","How does journal peer review actually work?",{"path":324,"heading":325},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Fhow-to-cite-a-preprint","How do I cite a preprint?",{"path":327,"heading":328},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Fjournal-submission-cover-letter","How do I write a cover letter for a journal submission?",{"path":330,"heading":331},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Frespond-to-reviewer-comments","How do I respond to peer reviewer comments?",{"path":333,"heading":334},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Fshould-you-post-a-preprint","Should I post my paper as a preprint?",{"path":336,"heading":337},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Fspot-a-predatory-journal","How do I tell if a journal is predatory?",{"path":339,"heading":340},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Fwhy-papers-get-desk-rejected","Why was my paper desk rejected?",{"path":342,"heading":343},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Ffind-the-paper-you-half-remember","How do I find a paper when I only remember the argument it made?",{"path":345,"heading":346},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Fhighlighting-pdfs-stops-working","Why can I never find my PDF highlights again?",{"path":348,"heading":349},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Fhow-many-papers-can-you-read-a-day","How many papers can a PhD student realistically read in a day?",{"path":351,"heading":352},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Fkeep-up-with-new-papers","How do I keep up with new papers without reading everything?",{"path":354,"heading":355},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Fnon-english-studies-in-a-review","How do I include non-English studies in a literature review?",{"path":357,"heading":358},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Fnote-system-takes-too-long","What do I do when my note-taking system takes longer than reading the papers?",{"path":360,"heading":361},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Forganize-100-papers","How do I organize and extract information from more than 100 papers?",{"path":363,"heading":364},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Freading-papers-in-a-second-language","How do I read research papers efficiently when English is my second language?",{"path":366,"heading":367},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Fremember-what-a-paper-said","How do I remember what was in papers I read months ago?",{"path":369,"heading":370},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Frestart-a-project-after-months-away","How do I get back into a research project after months away?",{"path":372,"heading":373},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Ftrack-connections-between-papers","How do I keep track of connections between papers?",{"path":375,"heading":376},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Ftriage-pdfs-before-reading","How do I triage 200 PDFs before deciding which ones to read in full?",{"path":378,"heading":379},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-data\u002Fanonymize-qualitative-data","How do I anonymize qualitative interview data?",{"path":381,"heading":382},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-data\u002Ffair-data-principles-in-practice","What are the FAIR data principles?",{"path":384,"heading":385},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-data\u002Forganize-research-data-files","How do I organize research data files?",{"path":91,"heading":387},"What is preregistration in research?",{"path":92,"heading":389},"How do I write a data management plan?",{"path":391,"heading":392},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-gaps\u002Fchoose-a-theoretical-framework","How do I choose a theoretical framework for my thesis?",{"path":394,"heading":395},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-gaps\u002Ffind-a-research-gap","How do I identify a research gap in the literature?",{"path":397,"heading":398},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-gaps\u002Fis-my-research-gap-original","How do I know if my research gap is original?",{"path":400,"heading":401},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-gaps\u002Fnarrow-a-broad-research-question","How do I narrow down a research question that is too broad?",{"path":403,"heading":404},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-gaps\u002Fresearch-question-changed-mid-phd","Can a research question change during a PhD?",{"path":406,"heading":407},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-gaps\u002Fresearch-question-or-hypothesis","What is the difference between a research question and a hypothesis?",{"path":409,"heading":410},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-gaps\u002Fturn-a-topic-into-a-research-question","How do I turn a research topic into a research question?",{"path":412,"heading":413},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-gaps\u002Fwhat-makes-a-good-research-question","What makes a good research question in a PhD thesis?",{"path":415,"heading":416},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-gaps\u002Fwrite-a-research-gap-statement","How do I write a research gap statement?",{"path":127,"heading":128},{"path":114,"heading":115},{"path":109,"heading":110},{"path":118,"heading":119},{"path":138,"heading":139},{"path":123,"heading":124},{"path":133,"heading":134},{"path":87,"heading":75},1786014769318]