[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":431},["ShallowReactive",2],{"answers-\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-methods\u002Frigour-in-qualitative-research":3,"answers-cluster-research-methods":112,"answers-related-\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-methods\u002Frigour-in-qualitative-research":148},{"id":4,"title":5,"answer":6,"body":7,"cluster":72,"description":73,"extension":74,"faq":75,"heading":78,"intro":66,"kind":79,"meta":80,"navigation":81,"order":67,"outbound":82,"path":89,"primaryQuery":90,"product":91,"related":95,"seo":98,"sources":99,"stem":110,"updated":103,"__hash__":111},"answers\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-methods\u002Frigour-in-qualitative-research.md","How to Show Rigour in Qualitative Research","Make your analytical decisions visible. Rigour in qualitative work is about traceability rather than replication: a reader should be able to see how you got from raw data to claims. An audit trail, disconfirming case analysis, and honest reflexivity do more than any single technique.",{"type":8,"value":9,"toc":65},"minimark",[10,14,17,20,23,26,29,32,35,40,43,46,49,53,56,59,62],[11,12,13],"p",{},"Quantitative rigour is about whether the measurement was accurate and the inference valid. Qualitative rigour is a different question, because the researcher is the instrument and the analysis is interpretive. Borrowing the quantitative vocabulary produces claims that sound rigorous and do not fit, which examiners notice.",[11,15,16],{},"The criteria that do fit are about trustworthiness: could someone else follow your reasoning, are your interpretations grounded in the data, would the account be recognizable to participants, and is the context described well enough for a reader to judge transferability. Each has a corresponding practice.",[11,18,19],{},"Those criteria have names you can use in a methods chapter. Korstjens and Moser set out four for novice researchers, a group they define to include Master's students: credibility, transferability, dependability, and confirmability. Credibility asks whether your findings plausibly represent what participants said. Transferability rests on thick description of both experience and context, so a reader can judge relevance to another setting. Dependability is about consistency of the research process, and confirmability is about showing that your interpretations came from the data rather than from your preferences (Korstjens and Moser, 2018, p. 120). The same guidance says internal validity, generalizability, reliability, and objectivity are unsuitable as direct criteria here, which is why the borrowed vocabulary reads badly (Korstjens and Moser, 2018, p. 121).",[11,21,22],{},"The audit trail is the single most useful of those practices and the most neglected. Keep a dated record of analytical decisions: why you merged two codes, why a theme was dropped, what changed after the third read. It costs a few minutes a session and it is the evidence that your themes were developed rather than asserted.",[11,24,25],{},"Korstjens and Moser list what belongs in that record: decisions and their rationale, team meetings, reflective thoughts, sampling, research materials, the emergence of findings, and data management (Korstjens and Moser, 2018, p. 122). If you work from a coding template, Coates and colleagues add a procedure for the coding stage itself. Every coder rereads every transcript and applies the finalized template, preferably on a fresh copy. Any response that attracts more than one code gets flagged for discussion. An independent researcher who took no part in developing the scheme can apply the template as an additional coder, which those authors treat as a reliability gain (Coates et al., 2021, p. 3).",[11,27,28],{},"Disconfirming case analysis is the second. Go looking for the data that does not fit your emerging account and report what you found. A study that names its exceptions and explains them is far more convincing than one where everything agrees.",[11,30,31],{},"Sample size is the claim reviewers challenge most often. Vasileiou and colleagues analyzed interview-based qualitative health studies across medicine, psychology, and sociology. Among the studies that justified their sample at all, saturation accounted for 55 percent of justifications and pragmatic constraints such as resources, response rates, and participant availability for about 10 percent. Claims of saturation were never substantiated by the procedures those studies actually reported (Vasileiou et al., 2018, p. 15). Their recommendation is not to run more interviews. It is a study-specific judgment that ties your sample size to your design, your sampling strategy, the richness of the data, and what your analysis requires (Vasileiou et al., 2018, p. 16).",[11,33,34],{},"Reporting frameworks are a useful check and a poor substitute for that argument. SRQR runs to 21 items covering title, abstract, introduction, methods, findings, discussion, conflicts of interest, and funding. COREQ runs to 32 items for interview and focus-group studies, covering the research team and reflexivity, study design, analysis, and reporting (Korstjens and Moser, 2018, p. 124). Use one to test whether a reader could reconstruct what you did. A completed checklist will not stop a reviewer applying the wrong standard, and Vasileiou and colleagues found that qualitative samples were still being assessed against an implicit quasi-quantitative one (Vasileiou et al., 2018, p. 16).",[36,37,39],"h2",{"id":38},"do-i-need-inter-rater-reliability","Do I need inter-rater reliability?",[11,41,42],{},"Only if your design treats coding as measurement. In interpretive traditions, agreement between coders is not the goal and a high figure can indicate a shallow coding frame. What is expected instead is documented discussion between coders about disagreements, and a record of how they were resolved.",[11,44,45],{},"Content analysis and other traditions that count coded instances do need reliability statistics, and there the expectation is a specific coefficient reported with its calculation.",[11,47,48],{},"If a supervisor or reviewer asks for a reliability figure in an interpretive study, it is worth asking what they want it to demonstrate. Usually the answer is that the analysis was not done by one person alone in a room, and there are better ways to show that.",[36,50,52],{"id":51},"what-does-reflexivity-look-like-in-practice","What does reflexivity look like in practice?",[11,54,55],{},"A record, not a paragraph of good intentions. Note your prior expectations before analysis, note where your position shaped access or what participants said, and note the moments you changed your mind. Then report the ones that affected the findings, with the effect stated.",[11,57,58],{},"The reflexivity sections that fail are the ones that describe the researcher's identity and never connect it to the analysis. Stating your background is a starting point. Saying what it made easier, what it made harder, and what you did about it is the actual work.",[11,60,61],{},"Keep the record while analyzing rather than writing it at the end. Reconstructed reflexivity is a description of how you would like to have thought, and it reads that way.",[11,63,64],{},"Member checking is worth considering and is not obligatory. Returning your interpretation to participants can strengthen an account, and in some traditions it makes little sense, since your analytical reading is not one a participant is positioned to confirm. Decide deliberately and say why.",{"title":66,"searchDepth":67,"depth":67,"links":68},"",4,[69,71],{"id":38,"depth":70,"text":39},2,{"id":51,"depth":70,"text":52},"research-methods","What rigour means in qualitative work, whether inter-rater reliability is needed, and what reflexivity looks like in practice rather than as a stated intention.","md",[76,77],{"q":39,"a":42},{"q":52,"a":55},"How do I show rigour in qualitative research?","answer",{},true,[83,86],{"label":84,"to":85},"Building a qualitative evidence matrix","\u002Fblog\u002Fqualitative-evidence-matrix",{"label":87,"to":88},"Thematic analysis as a workflow","\u002Fdocs\u002Fresearch-workflows\u002Fthematic-analysis","\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-methods\u002Frigour-in-qualitative-research","how to show rigour in qualitative research",{"text":92,"to":93,"label":94},"Agent Bayes keeps every claim attached to the passage and page it came from, so the route from evidence to conclusion stays visible. Version history records how a map changed and when, which is the kind of trail an audit of your analysis actually needs.","\u002Fdocs\u002Fworking-with-the-agent\u002Fversion-history-and-provenance","How the audit trail works",[96,97],"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-data\u002Fwhat-preregistration-is","\u002Fanswers\u002Fphd-life\u002Fdefend-your-methodology-in-a-viva",{"title":5,"description":73},[100,104,107],{"label":101,"url":102,"checked":103},"Korstjens and Moser, Series: Practical guidance to qualitative research. Part 4: Trustworthiness and publishing, European Journal of General Practice (2018)","https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1080\u002F13814788.2017.1375092","2026-08-06",{"label":105,"url":106,"checked":103},"Coates et al., A practical guide for conducting qualitative research in medical education: Part 2-Coding and thematic analysis, AEM Education and Training (2021)","https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1002\u002Faet2.10645",{"label":108,"url":109,"checked":103},"Vasileiou et al., Characterising and justifying sample size sufficiency in interview-based studies: systematic analysis of qualitative health research over a 15-year period, BMC Medical Research Methodology (2018)","https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1186\u002Fs12874-018-0594-7","answers\u002Fresearch-methods\u002Frigour-in-qualitative-research","FKwaxOpi0M27fZCTgPKf4wZoPC6RftNiwQqSB8cBWMM",[113,118,122,127,128,133,138,143],{"path":114,"heading":115,"description":116,"order":117},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-methods\u002Fhow-to-do-thematic-analysis","How do I do thematic analysis step by step?","The steps of thematic analysis in order, the difference between a code and a theme, and how to tell whether a theme came from the data or from your expectations.",1,{"path":119,"heading":120,"description":121,"order":70},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-methods\u002Fhow-many-interviews-is-enough","How many interviews are enough for a qualitative study?","How many interviews a qualitative study actually needs, how to tell when saturation has been reached, and how to justify the number to reviewers and examiners.",{"path":123,"heading":124,"description":125,"order":126},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-methods\u002Finductive-or-deductive-coding","What is the difference between inductive and deductive thematic analysis?","The difference between inductive and deductive thematic analysis, whether the two can be combined in one study, and how to report which approach you used.",3,{"path":89,"heading":78,"description":73,"order":67},{"path":129,"heading":130,"description":131,"order":132},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-methods\u002Fchoose-a-statistical-test","How do I choose which statistical test to use?","How to work out which statistical test your data needs, the questions that decide the answer, and what to do when the assumptions of your chosen test fail.",5,{"path":134,"heading":135,"description":136,"order":137},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-methods\u002Fwork-out-your-sample-size","How do I calculate the sample size for a study?","How to calculate the sample size for a quantitative study, what a power analysis is actually doing, and what to do when the number you need is out of reach.",6,{"path":139,"heading":140,"description":141,"order":142},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-methods\u002Fwhat-a-p-value-means","What does a p value actually mean?","What a p value does and does not tell you, how to interpret a non-significant result, and why effect sizes and intervals usually belong alongside it.",7,{"path":144,"heading":145,"description":146,"order":147},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-methods\u002Fintegrate-mixed-methods-data","How do I integrate qualitative and quantitative data in a mixed methods study?","How to genuinely integrate qualitative and quantitative strands rather than reporting them separately, the standard designs, and where integration is written up.",8,[149,152,155,158,161,164,167,170,173,176,179,182,185,188,191,194,197,200,203,206,209,212,215,218,221,224,227,230,233,236,239,242,245,248,251,254,257,260,263,266,269,272,275,278,281,284,287,290,292,295,298,301,304,307,310,313,316,319,322,325,328,331,334,337,340,343,346,349,352,355,358,361,364,367,370,373,376,379,382,385,388,391,393,396,399,402,405,408,411,414,417,420,423,424,425,426,427,428,429,430],{"path":150,"heading":151},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fdraft-without-stopping-for-citations","How do I draft when I keep stopping to look up citations?",{"path":153,"heading":154},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fhow-long-should-a-literature-review-chapter-be","How long should a literature review chapter be?",{"path":156,"heading":157},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fparaphrase-without-plagiarizing","How do I paraphrase a source without plagiarizing?",{"path":159,"heading":160},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fstructure-a-phd-thesis","How do I structure a PhD thesis chapter by chapter?",{"path":162,"heading":163},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fthesis-by-publication-or-monograph","Should I do a thesis by publication or a monograph?",{"path":165,"heading":166},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fwrite-a-discussion-section","How do I write a discussion section without repeating the results?",{"path":168,"heading":169},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fwrite-a-methodology-chapter","How do I write a methodology chapter?",{"path":171,"heading":172},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fwrite-a-thesis-introduction","How do I write a thesis introduction?",{"path":174,"heading":175},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fwrite-an-abstract","How do I write an abstract for a research paper?",{"path":177,"heading":178},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fwrite-consistently-during-a-phd","How do I write consistently during a PhD?",{"path":180,"heading":181},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fai-for-systematic-review-screening","Can I use AI for screening in a systematic review?",{"path":183,"heading":184},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fare-ai-detectors-reliable","Are AI detectors reliable?",{"path":186,"heading":187},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fcan-an-ai-be-an-author","Can an AI tool be listed as an author on a paper?",{"path":189,"heading":190},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fcan-i-use-ai-for-a-literature-review","Can I use AI for a literature review?",{"path":192,"heading":193},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fcan-you-trust-an-ai-summary","Can I trust AI summaries of research papers?",{"path":195,"heading":196},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fdisclose-ai-use-in-a-paper","Do I need to disclose AI use in a research paper?",{"path":198,"heading":199},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fhow-to-cite-chatgpt","How do I cite ChatGPT in APA 7?",{"path":201,"heading":202},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fis-using-chatgpt-plagiarism","Is using ChatGPT for academic writing plagiarism?",{"path":204,"heading":205},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fusing-ai-in-a-phd-thesis","Can I use AI in a PhD thesis?",{"path":207,"heading":208},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fusing-ai-to-write-a-peer-review","Can I use AI to help write a peer review?",{"path":210,"heading":211},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fverify-ai-generated-citations","How do I check whether AI-generated citations are real?",{"path":213,"heading":214},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fwhy-ai-answers-better-on-your-own-pdfs","Why does an AI answer better when it reads my own PDFs?",{"path":216,"heading":217},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fwhy-chatgpt-invents-references","Why does ChatGPT make up references?",{"path":219,"heading":220},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fcheck-every-claim-against-its-citation","How do I check that every claim in my thesis is supported by its citation?",{"path":222,"heading":223},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fcite-the-paper-you-read-or-the-original","Should I cite the paper I read or the original study it references?",{"path":225,"heading":226},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fcited-source-does-not-say-that","What do I do when a paper's cited source does not support its claim?",{"path":228,"heading":229},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fciting-a-paper-you-cannot-access","Can I cite a paper I cannot get hold of?",{"path":231,"heading":232},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fciting-a-review-instead-of-the-original","Is citing a review instead of the original research bad practice?",{"path":234,"heading":235},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fdo-i-need-to-cite-everything","Do I need to cite absolutely everything in a thesis?",{"path":237,"heading":238},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fhow-much-self-citation","How much self-citation is acceptable?",{"path":240,"heading":241},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fjournal-page-number-or-pdf-page-number","Do I use the journal page number or the PDF page number in a citation?",{"path":243,"heading":244},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fquoting-a-source-in-another-language","How do I quote a source in another language in an English thesis?",{"path":246,"heading":247},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fwhere-does-the-citation-go","Where should a citation go when only one clause in a sentence needs support?",{"path":249,"heading":250},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fyou-described-a-result-too-broadly","How do I fix a sentence that describes a study's result too broadly?",{"path":252,"heading":253},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fzotero-or-mendeley","Should I use Zotero or Mendeley for a PhD?",{"path":255,"heading":256},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fbuild-a-synthesis-matrix","How do I build a synthesis matrix when my themes keep changing as I read?",{"path":258,"heading":259},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fkeep-a-literature-review-current","How do I keep a literature review current over a multi-year PhD?",{"path":261,"heading":262},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fliterature-review-synthesis-or-summary","How do I know if my literature review is synthesis or just a summary?",{"path":264,"heading":265},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fliterature-review-too-descriptive","What does it mean when a supervisor says a literature review is too descriptive?",{"path":267,"heading":268},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fnarrative-scoping-or-systematic-review","What is the difference between a narrative literature review and a systematic review?",{"path":270,"heading":271},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Forganize-literature-review-by-argument","How do I organize a literature review by argument instead of by paper?",{"path":273,"heading":274},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Freview-that-leads-to-your-question","How do I write a literature review that leads logically to my research question?",{"path":276,"heading":277},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fscreening-abstracts-for-a-review","How do I screen hundreds of abstracts for a systematic review?",{"path":279,"heading":280},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fstudies-with-opposite-conclusions","What do I write when two studies on the same question reach opposite conclusions?",{"path":282,"heading":283},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fsynthesis-matrix-into-paragraphs","How do I turn a synthesis matrix into literature review paragraphs?",{"path":285,"heading":286},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fsystematic-review-search-strategy","How do I build a search strategy for a systematic review?",{"path":288,"heading":289},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fwhen-to-stop-searching-for-papers","How do I know when to stop searching for papers for a literature review?",{"path":97,"heading":291},"How do I defend my methodology in a viva?",{"path":293,"heading":294},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fphd-life\u002Fimposter-syndrome-in-a-phd","How do I deal with imposter syndrome during a PhD?",{"path":296,"heading":297},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fphd-life\u002Fplan-a-realistic-phd-timeline","How do I plan a realistic PhD timeline?",{"path":299,"heading":300},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fphd-life\u002Fpostdoc-or-industry","Should I do a postdoc or go to industry after my PhD?",{"path":302,"heading":303},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fphd-life\u002Fprepare-for-a-phd-viva","How do I prepare for a PhD viva?",{"path":305,"heading":306},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fphd-life\u002Fstop-procrastinating-on-your-phd","How do I stop procrastinating on my PhD?",{"path":308,"heading":309},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fphd-life\u002Fwhat-happens-if-a-viva-goes-badly","What happens if you fail a PhD viva?",{"path":311,"heading":312},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fphd-life\u002Fwhen-your-supervisor-is-not-supportive","What do I do when my PhD supervisor is not supportive?",{"path":314,"heading":315},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fphd-life\u002Fwrite-an-academic-cv","How do I write an academic CV for a postdoc application?",{"path":317,"heading":318},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Fchoose-a-journal","How do I choose a journal for my paper?",{"path":320,"heading":321},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Fdo-you-pay-to-publish-open-access","Do I have to pay to publish open access?",{"path":323,"heading":324},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Fhow-author-order-is-decided","How is author order decided on a paper?",{"path":326,"heading":327},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Fhow-peer-review-works","How does journal peer review actually work?",{"path":329,"heading":330},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Fhow-to-cite-a-preprint","How do I cite a preprint?",{"path":332,"heading":333},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Fjournal-submission-cover-letter","How do I write a cover letter for a journal submission?",{"path":335,"heading":336},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Frespond-to-reviewer-comments","How do I respond to peer reviewer comments?",{"path":338,"heading":339},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Fshould-you-post-a-preprint","Should I post my paper as a preprint?",{"path":341,"heading":342},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Fspot-a-predatory-journal","How do I tell if a journal is predatory?",{"path":344,"heading":345},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Fwhy-papers-get-desk-rejected","Why was my paper desk rejected?",{"path":347,"heading":348},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Ffind-the-paper-you-half-remember","How do I find a paper when I only remember the argument it made?",{"path":350,"heading":351},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Fhighlighting-pdfs-stops-working","Why can I never find my PDF highlights again?",{"path":353,"heading":354},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Fhow-many-papers-can-you-read-a-day","How many papers can a PhD student realistically read in a day?",{"path":356,"heading":357},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Fkeep-up-with-new-papers","How do I keep up with new papers without reading everything?",{"path":359,"heading":360},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Fnon-english-studies-in-a-review","How do I include non-English studies in a literature review?",{"path":362,"heading":363},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Fnote-system-takes-too-long","What do I do when my note-taking system takes longer than reading the papers?",{"path":365,"heading":366},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Forganize-100-papers","How do I organize and extract information from more than 100 papers?",{"path":368,"heading":369},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Freading-papers-in-a-second-language","How do I read research papers efficiently when English is my second language?",{"path":371,"heading":372},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Fremember-what-a-paper-said","How do I remember what was in papers I read months ago?",{"path":374,"heading":375},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Frestart-a-project-after-months-away","How do I get back into a research project after months away?",{"path":377,"heading":378},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Ftrack-connections-between-papers","How do I keep track of connections between papers?",{"path":380,"heading":381},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Ftriage-pdfs-before-reading","How do I triage 200 PDFs before deciding which ones to read in full?",{"path":383,"heading":384},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-data\u002Fanonymize-qualitative-data","How do I anonymize qualitative interview data?",{"path":386,"heading":387},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-data\u002Ffair-data-principles-in-practice","What are the FAIR data principles?",{"path":389,"heading":390},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-data\u002Forganize-research-data-files","How do I organize research data files?",{"path":96,"heading":392},"What is preregistration in research?",{"path":394,"heading":395},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-data\u002Fwrite-a-data-management-plan","How do I write a data management plan?",{"path":397,"heading":398},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-gaps\u002Fchoose-a-theoretical-framework","How do I choose a theoretical framework for my thesis?",{"path":400,"heading":401},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-gaps\u002Ffind-a-research-gap","How do I identify a research gap in the literature?",{"path":403,"heading":404},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-gaps\u002Fis-my-research-gap-original","How do I know if my research gap is original?",{"path":406,"heading":407},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-gaps\u002Fnarrow-a-broad-research-question","How do I narrow down a research question that is too broad?",{"path":409,"heading":410},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-gaps\u002Fresearch-question-changed-mid-phd","Can a research question change during a PhD?",{"path":412,"heading":413},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-gaps\u002Fresearch-question-or-hypothesis","What is the difference between a research question and a hypothesis?",{"path":415,"heading":416},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-gaps\u002Fturn-a-topic-into-a-research-question","How do I turn a research topic into a research question?",{"path":418,"heading":419},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-gaps\u002Fwhat-makes-a-good-research-question","What makes a good research question in a PhD thesis?",{"path":421,"heading":422},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-gaps\u002Fwrite-a-research-gap-statement","How do I write a research gap statement?",{"path":129,"heading":130},{"path":119,"heading":120},{"path":114,"heading":115},{"path":123,"heading":124},{"path":144,"heading":145},{"path":89,"heading":78},{"path":139,"heading":140},{"path":134,"heading":135},1786014769305]