[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":428},["ShallowReactive",2],{"answers-\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-methods\u002Finductive-or-deductive-coding":3,"answers-cluster-research-methods":109,"answers-related-\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-methods\u002Finductive-or-deductive-coding":144},{"id":4,"title":5,"answer":6,"body":7,"cluster":72,"description":73,"extension":74,"faq":75,"heading":78,"intro":66,"kind":79,"meta":80,"navigation":81,"order":82,"outbound":83,"path":90,"primaryQuery":91,"product":92,"related":93,"seo":95,"sources":96,"stem":107,"updated":100,"__hash__":108},"answers\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-methods\u002Finductive-or-deductive-coding.md","Inductive or Deductive Coding: Which Fits Your Study?","Inductive coding builds categories from the data with no predetermined framework. Deductive coding applies a coding frame derived from existing theory or prior research. The difference is where the categories come from, and it should follow from whether your question is exploratory or theory-testing.",{"type":8,"value":9,"toc":65},"minimark",[10,14,17,20,23,26,29,34,37,40,43,46,50,53,56,59,62],[11,12,13],"p",{},"The choice is usually decided by the question rather than by preference. If you are asking what is going on in a setting nobody has described, a predetermined frame would filter out exactly what you came to find. If you are asking whether an established model accounts for a new context, coding without that model wastes the theory that made the question worth asking.",[11,15,16],{},"The purely inductive position is harder to hold than it sounds. Nobody codes from nowhere. You have read the literature, you have expectations, and those shape what you notice. Grounded theory's advice to bracket the literature is a discipline for managing that influence rather than a claim that it can be removed, and pretending to a blank slate is less credible than acknowledging your starting point.",[11,18,19],{},"Deductive coding has the opposite risk. A frame tells you where to look, and everything outside it becomes invisible. The safeguard is an explicit category for data that does not fit, reviewed at the end rather than discarded during coding. That residual category is often where the interesting finding is.",[11,21,22],{},"One study ran both routes over the same material and reported what each produced. Bonner and colleagues took systematic reviews of parent-level barriers to childhood vaccination, coded 583 barrier descriptions inductively into 74 barriers across seven categories, then mapped the same material deductively onto the COM-B model and the Theoretical Domains Framework. Two authors coded independently and settled disagreements by discussion, and the first deductive mapping reached 89 percent agreement at domain level, though construct level needed further definitions before it stabilised (Bonner et al., 2021, p. 1).",[11,24,25],{},"The two outputs were not interchangeable. The inductive framework held concrete items such as false contraindications, language barriers, distance, cost, distrust, and fear of needles. The deductive framework guaranteed systematic attention to specified behavioural domains, but only 10 of the 14 domains were clearly represented in the data, Behavioural Regulation was absent, and Intentions and Goals appeared only under lenient readings. Some domains, Environmental Context and Resources in particular, were too broad to separate one barrier type from another (Bonner et al., 2021, p. 6). Theory found gaps the inductive review had missed, and the authors still judged the inductive categories more relevant to the implementation problem in front of them (Bonner et al., 2021, p. 7).",[11,27,28],{},"Whichever you choose, the reporting requirement is the same: a reader should be able to see where your categories came from. That is what separates an analysis from an assertion.",[30,31,33],"h2",{"id":32},"can-i-combine-both-approaches","Can I combine both approaches?",[11,35,36],{},"Yes, and many studies do. A common design applies a deductive frame from existing theory, then codes inductively for anything the frame does not capture. Report it as a hybrid approach and be explicit about which themes came from which route, since a reader cannot otherwise tell.",[11,38,39],{},"Sequence matters and should be stated. Coding deductively first and then inductively produces a different result from the reverse, because the first pass shapes what you notice in the second.",[11,41,42],{},"Budget for the second pass before you commit to it. The deductive mapping and the discussion that resolved it took two authors with prior knowledge of the behavioural frameworks about two weeks, on material that had already been coded once (Bonner et al., 2021, pp. 2-3). Bonner and colleagues also warn that such frameworks can render internal motivation more sharply than practical or physical opportunity, which understates barriers like time, cost, distance, and service availability. If your research question turns on those, a deductive frame alone will flatten them.",[11,44,45],{},"The hybrid design is particularly suited to a doctoral study extending an existing model, since it lets you test the model and remain open to what it misses, which is usually the contribution.",[30,47,49],{"id":48},"how-do-i-report-which-approach-i-used","How do I report which approach I used?",[11,51,52],{},"Name it in the methods, say where the codes came from, and state what happened when data did not fit. For deductive work, give the frame and its source. For inductive work, describe how codes were generated and refined. For hybrid work, say which themes originated where.",[11,54,55],{},"Include the coding frame itself, in an appendix if it is long. A reader who can see your categories can evaluate your analysis, and one who cannot has to take it on trust.",[11,57,58],{},"Say how the frame changed during analysis, because it almost certainly did. A frame revised in response to the data, with the revision reported, is stronger evidence of careful work than one presented as fixed from the start.",[11,60,61],{},"Separate the layers when you write up. Thomas and Harden distinguish descriptive themes, which stay close to the content of the primary material, from analytical themes, which go beyond it to answer the review question, and they treat the move between the two as the step most in need of explicit reporting (Thomas and Harden, 2008, pp. 8-9). If a reader cannot tell which of your higher-order categories came from the data and which came from your interpretation of it, the frame you used has stopped being checkable.",[11,63,64],{},"One sentence is worth writing whichever route you took: what you would have had to see in the data to reach a different conclusion. Answering that shows the analysis could have come out otherwise, which is what makes it an analysis.",{"title":66,"searchDepth":67,"depth":67,"links":68},"",4,[69,71],{"id":32,"depth":70,"text":33},2,{"id":48,"depth":70,"text":49},"research-methods","The difference between inductive and deductive thematic analysis, whether the two can be combined in one study, and how to report which approach you used.","md",[76,77],{"q":33,"a":36},{"q":49,"a":52},"What is the difference between inductive and deductive thematic analysis?","answer",{},true,3,[84,87],{"label":85,"to":86},"Thematic analysis as a workflow","\u002Fdocs\u002Fresearch-workflows\u002Fthematic-analysis",{"label":88,"to":89},"Comparative analysis as a workflow","\u002Fdocs\u002Fresearch-workflows\u002Fcomparative-analysis","\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-methods\u002Finductive-or-deductive-coding","inductive vs deductive thematic analysis",null,[94],"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-gaps\u002Fchoose-a-theoretical-framework",{"title":5,"description":73},[97,101,104],{"label":98,"url":99,"checked":100},"Bonner et al., Comparing inductive and deductive analysis techniques to understand health service implementation problems: a case study of childhood vaccination barriers, Implementation Science Communications (2021)","https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1186\u002Fs43058-021-00202-0","2026-08-06",{"label":102,"url":103,"checked":100},"Coates et al., A practical guide for conducting qualitative research in medical education: Part 2-Coding and thematic analysis, AEM Education and Training (2021)","https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1002\u002Faet2.10645",{"label":105,"url":106,"checked":100},"Thomas and Harden, Methods for the thematic synthesis of qualitative research in systematic reviews, BMC Medical Research Methodology (2008)","https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1186\u002F1471-2288-8-45","answers\u002Fresearch-methods\u002Finductive-or-deductive-coding","qfzgzjyIG6orpVy7aG8a-V1ndixnq8JuOfcMNvCgv_w",[110,115,119,120,124,129,134,139],{"path":111,"heading":112,"description":113,"order":114},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-methods\u002Fhow-to-do-thematic-analysis","How do I do thematic analysis step by step?","The steps of thematic analysis in order, the difference between a code and a theme, and how to tell whether a theme came from the data or from your expectations.",1,{"path":116,"heading":117,"description":118,"order":70},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-methods\u002Fhow-many-interviews-is-enough","How many interviews are enough for a qualitative study?","How many interviews a qualitative study actually needs, how to tell when saturation has been reached, and how to justify the number to reviewers and examiners.",{"path":90,"heading":78,"description":73,"order":82},{"path":121,"heading":122,"description":123,"order":67},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-methods\u002Frigour-in-qualitative-research","How do I show rigour in qualitative research?","What rigour means in qualitative work, whether inter-rater reliability is needed, and what reflexivity looks like in practice rather than as a stated intention.",{"path":125,"heading":126,"description":127,"order":128},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-methods\u002Fchoose-a-statistical-test","How do I choose which statistical test to use?","How to work out which statistical test your data needs, the questions that decide the answer, and what to do when the assumptions of your chosen test fail.",5,{"path":130,"heading":131,"description":132,"order":133},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-methods\u002Fwork-out-your-sample-size","How do I calculate the sample size for a study?","How to calculate the sample size for a quantitative study, what a power analysis is actually doing, and what to do when the number you need is out of reach.",6,{"path":135,"heading":136,"description":137,"order":138},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-methods\u002Fwhat-a-p-value-means","What does a p value actually mean?","What a p value does and does not tell you, how to interpret a non-significant result, and why effect sizes and intervals usually belong alongside it.",7,{"path":140,"heading":141,"description":142,"order":143},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-methods\u002Fintegrate-mixed-methods-data","How do I integrate qualitative and quantitative data in a mixed methods study?","How to genuinely integrate qualitative and quantitative strands rather than reporting them separately, the standard designs, and where integration is written up.",8,[145,148,151,154,157,160,163,166,169,172,175,178,181,184,187,190,193,196,199,202,205,208,211,214,217,220,223,226,229,232,235,238,241,244,247,250,253,256,259,262,265,268,271,274,277,280,283,286,289,292,295,298,301,304,307,310,313,316,319,322,325,328,331,334,337,340,343,346,349,352,355,358,361,364,367,370,373,376,379,382,385,388,391,394,396,399,402,405,408,411,414,417,420,421,422,423,424,425,426,427],{"path":146,"heading":147},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fdraft-without-stopping-for-citations","How do I draft when I keep stopping to look up citations?",{"path":149,"heading":150},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fhow-long-should-a-literature-review-chapter-be","How long should a literature review chapter be?",{"path":152,"heading":153},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fparaphrase-without-plagiarizing","How do I paraphrase a source without plagiarizing?",{"path":155,"heading":156},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fstructure-a-phd-thesis","How do I structure a PhD thesis chapter by chapter?",{"path":158,"heading":159},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fthesis-by-publication-or-monograph","Should I do a thesis by publication or a monograph?",{"path":161,"heading":162},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fwrite-a-discussion-section","How do I write a discussion section without repeating the results?",{"path":164,"heading":165},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fwrite-a-methodology-chapter","How do I write a methodology chapter?",{"path":167,"heading":168},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fwrite-a-thesis-introduction","How do I write a thesis introduction?",{"path":170,"heading":171},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fwrite-an-abstract","How do I write an abstract for a research paper?",{"path":173,"heading":174},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fwrite-consistently-during-a-phd","How do I write consistently during a PhD?",{"path":176,"heading":177},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fai-for-systematic-review-screening","Can I use AI for screening in a systematic review?",{"path":179,"heading":180},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fare-ai-detectors-reliable","Are AI detectors reliable?",{"path":182,"heading":183},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fcan-an-ai-be-an-author","Can an AI tool be listed as an author on a paper?",{"path":185,"heading":186},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fcan-i-use-ai-for-a-literature-review","Can I use AI for a literature review?",{"path":188,"heading":189},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fcan-you-trust-an-ai-summary","Can I trust AI summaries of research papers?",{"path":191,"heading":192},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fdisclose-ai-use-in-a-paper","Do I need to disclose AI use in a research paper?",{"path":194,"heading":195},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fhow-to-cite-chatgpt","How do I cite ChatGPT in APA 7?",{"path":197,"heading":198},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fis-using-chatgpt-plagiarism","Is using ChatGPT for academic writing plagiarism?",{"path":200,"heading":201},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fusing-ai-in-a-phd-thesis","Can I use AI in a PhD thesis?",{"path":203,"heading":204},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fusing-ai-to-write-a-peer-review","Can I use AI to help write a peer review?",{"path":206,"heading":207},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fverify-ai-generated-citations","How do I check whether AI-generated citations are real?",{"path":209,"heading":210},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fwhy-ai-answers-better-on-your-own-pdfs","Why does an AI answer better when it reads my own PDFs?",{"path":212,"heading":213},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fwhy-chatgpt-invents-references","Why does ChatGPT make up references?",{"path":215,"heading":216},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fcheck-every-claim-against-its-citation","How do I check that every claim in my thesis is supported by its citation?",{"path":218,"heading":219},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fcite-the-paper-you-read-or-the-original","Should I cite the paper I read or the original study it references?",{"path":221,"heading":222},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fcited-source-does-not-say-that","What do I do when a paper's cited source does not support its claim?",{"path":224,"heading":225},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fciting-a-paper-you-cannot-access","Can I cite a paper I cannot get hold of?",{"path":227,"heading":228},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fciting-a-review-instead-of-the-original","Is citing a review instead of the original research bad practice?",{"path":230,"heading":231},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fdo-i-need-to-cite-everything","Do I need to cite absolutely everything in a thesis?",{"path":233,"heading":234},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fhow-much-self-citation","How much self-citation is acceptable?",{"path":236,"heading":237},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fjournal-page-number-or-pdf-page-number","Do I use the journal page number or the PDF page number in a citation?",{"path":239,"heading":240},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fquoting-a-source-in-another-language","How do I quote a source in another language in an English thesis?",{"path":242,"heading":243},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fwhere-does-the-citation-go","Where should a citation go when only one clause in a sentence needs support?",{"path":245,"heading":246},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fyou-described-a-result-too-broadly","How do I fix a sentence that describes a study's result too broadly?",{"path":248,"heading":249},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fzotero-or-mendeley","Should I use Zotero or Mendeley for a PhD?",{"path":251,"heading":252},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fbuild-a-synthesis-matrix","How do I build a synthesis matrix when my themes keep changing as I read?",{"path":254,"heading":255},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fkeep-a-literature-review-current","How do I keep a literature review current over a multi-year PhD?",{"path":257,"heading":258},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fliterature-review-synthesis-or-summary","How do I know if my literature review is synthesis or just a summary?",{"path":260,"heading":261},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fliterature-review-too-descriptive","What does it mean when a supervisor says a literature review is too descriptive?",{"path":263,"heading":264},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fnarrative-scoping-or-systematic-review","What is the difference between a narrative literature review and a systematic review?",{"path":266,"heading":267},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Forganize-literature-review-by-argument","How do I organize a literature review by argument instead of by paper?",{"path":269,"heading":270},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Freview-that-leads-to-your-question","How do I write a literature review that leads logically to my research question?",{"path":272,"heading":273},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fscreening-abstracts-for-a-review","How do I screen hundreds of abstracts for a systematic review?",{"path":275,"heading":276},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fstudies-with-opposite-conclusions","What do I write when two studies on the same question reach opposite conclusions?",{"path":278,"heading":279},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fsynthesis-matrix-into-paragraphs","How do I turn a synthesis matrix into literature review paragraphs?",{"path":281,"heading":282},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fsystematic-review-search-strategy","How do I build a search strategy for a systematic review?",{"path":284,"heading":285},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fwhen-to-stop-searching-for-papers","How do I know when to stop searching for papers for a literature review?",{"path":287,"heading":288},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fphd-life\u002Fdefend-your-methodology-in-a-viva","How do I defend my methodology in a viva?",{"path":290,"heading":291},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fphd-life\u002Fimposter-syndrome-in-a-phd","How do I deal with imposter syndrome during a PhD?",{"path":293,"heading":294},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fphd-life\u002Fplan-a-realistic-phd-timeline","How do I plan a realistic PhD timeline?",{"path":296,"heading":297},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fphd-life\u002Fpostdoc-or-industry","Should I do a postdoc or go to industry after my PhD?",{"path":299,"heading":300},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fphd-life\u002Fprepare-for-a-phd-viva","How do I prepare for a PhD viva?",{"path":302,"heading":303},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fphd-life\u002Fstop-procrastinating-on-your-phd","How do I stop procrastinating on my PhD?",{"path":305,"heading":306},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fphd-life\u002Fwhat-happens-if-a-viva-goes-badly","What happens if you fail a PhD viva?",{"path":308,"heading":309},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fphd-life\u002Fwhen-your-supervisor-is-not-supportive","What do I do when my PhD supervisor is not supportive?",{"path":311,"heading":312},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fphd-life\u002Fwrite-an-academic-cv","How do I write an academic CV for a postdoc application?",{"path":314,"heading":315},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Fchoose-a-journal","How do I choose a journal for my paper?",{"path":317,"heading":318},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Fdo-you-pay-to-publish-open-access","Do I have to pay to publish open access?",{"path":320,"heading":321},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Fhow-author-order-is-decided","How is author order decided on a paper?",{"path":323,"heading":324},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Fhow-peer-review-works","How does journal peer review actually work?",{"path":326,"heading":327},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Fhow-to-cite-a-preprint","How do I cite a preprint?",{"path":329,"heading":330},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Fjournal-submission-cover-letter","How do I write a cover letter for a journal submission?",{"path":332,"heading":333},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Frespond-to-reviewer-comments","How do I respond to peer reviewer comments?",{"path":335,"heading":336},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Fshould-you-post-a-preprint","Should I post my paper as a preprint?",{"path":338,"heading":339},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Fspot-a-predatory-journal","How do I tell if a journal is predatory?",{"path":341,"heading":342},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Fwhy-papers-get-desk-rejected","Why was my paper desk rejected?",{"path":344,"heading":345},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Ffind-the-paper-you-half-remember","How do I find a paper when I only remember the argument it made?",{"path":347,"heading":348},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Fhighlighting-pdfs-stops-working","Why can I never find my PDF highlights again?",{"path":350,"heading":351},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Fhow-many-papers-can-you-read-a-day","How many papers can a PhD student realistically read in a day?",{"path":353,"heading":354},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Fkeep-up-with-new-papers","How do I keep up with new papers without reading everything?",{"path":356,"heading":357},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Fnon-english-studies-in-a-review","How do I include non-English studies in a literature review?",{"path":359,"heading":360},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Fnote-system-takes-too-long","What do I do when my note-taking system takes longer than reading the papers?",{"path":362,"heading":363},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Forganize-100-papers","How do I organize and extract information from more than 100 papers?",{"path":365,"heading":366},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Freading-papers-in-a-second-language","How do I read research papers efficiently when English is my second language?",{"path":368,"heading":369},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Fremember-what-a-paper-said","How do I remember what was in papers I read months ago?",{"path":371,"heading":372},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Frestart-a-project-after-months-away","How do I get back into a research project after months away?",{"path":374,"heading":375},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Ftrack-connections-between-papers","How do I keep track of connections between papers?",{"path":377,"heading":378},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Ftriage-pdfs-before-reading","How do I triage 200 PDFs before deciding which ones to read in full?",{"path":380,"heading":381},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-data\u002Fanonymize-qualitative-data","How do I anonymize qualitative interview data?",{"path":383,"heading":384},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-data\u002Ffair-data-principles-in-practice","What are the FAIR data principles?",{"path":386,"heading":387},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-data\u002Forganize-research-data-files","How do I organize research data files?",{"path":389,"heading":390},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-data\u002Fwhat-preregistration-is","What is preregistration in research?",{"path":392,"heading":393},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-data\u002Fwrite-a-data-management-plan","How do I write a data management plan?",{"path":94,"heading":395},"How do I choose a theoretical framework for my thesis?",{"path":397,"heading":398},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-gaps\u002Ffind-a-research-gap","How do I identify a research gap in the literature?",{"path":400,"heading":401},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-gaps\u002Fis-my-research-gap-original","How do I know if my research gap is original?",{"path":403,"heading":404},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-gaps\u002Fnarrow-a-broad-research-question","How do I narrow down a research question that is too broad?",{"path":406,"heading":407},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-gaps\u002Fresearch-question-changed-mid-phd","Can a research question change during a PhD?",{"path":409,"heading":410},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-gaps\u002Fresearch-question-or-hypothesis","What is the difference between a research question and a hypothesis?",{"path":412,"heading":413},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-gaps\u002Fturn-a-topic-into-a-research-question","How do I turn a research topic into a research question?",{"path":415,"heading":416},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-gaps\u002Fwhat-makes-a-good-research-question","What makes a good research question in a PhD thesis?",{"path":418,"heading":419},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-gaps\u002Fwrite-a-research-gap-statement","How do I write a research gap statement?",{"path":125,"heading":126},{"path":116,"heading":117},{"path":111,"heading":112},{"path":90,"heading":78},{"path":140,"heading":141},{"path":121,"heading":122},{"path":135,"heading":136},{"path":130,"heading":131},1786014769299]