[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":424},["ShallowReactive",2],{"answers-\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-methods\u002Fhow-to-do-thematic-analysis":3,"answers-cluster-research-methods":106,"answers-related-\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-methods\u002Fhow-to-do-thematic-analysis":141},{"id":4,"title":5,"answer":6,"body":7,"cluster":66,"description":67,"extension":68,"faq":69,"heading":72,"intro":60,"kind":73,"meta":74,"navigation":75,"order":76,"outbound":77,"path":84,"primaryQuery":85,"product":86,"related":89,"seo":92,"sources":93,"stem":104,"updated":97,"__hash__":105},"answers\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-methods\u002Fhow-to-do-thematic-analysis.md","How to Do Thematic Analysis, Step by Step","Six phases: familiarize yourself with the data, generate initial codes across the whole dataset, collate codes into candidate themes, review themes against the coded extracts and the full dataset, define and name each theme, then write up with extracts as evidence. Phases four and five are where most analyses are made or lost.",{"type":8,"value":9,"toc":59},"minimark",[10,14,17,20,23,26,29,34,37,40,43,47,50,53,56],[11,12,13],"p",{},"The six-phase description is standard and slightly misleading, because it looks linear and the analysis is not. You will return from phase four to phase two more than once, and that recursion is part of the method rather than a sign you did it wrong. Say so in your write-up.",[11,15,16],{},"Phase one, familiarization, is the phase most often skipped under time pressure and the one that most affects the result. Reading the whole dataset before coding anything, and taking notes on impressions, is what stops your codes being shaped entirely by the first three transcripts.",[11,18,19],{},"Coding across the whole dataset before building themes matters for the same reason. Building themes early means fitting the rest of the data into a structure derived from a fraction of it, and the analysis then confirms an early impression rather than testing it.",[11,21,22],{},"A codebook makes your coding decisions reviewable. Coates et al. recommend defining each code, stating what belongs inside it, and attaching examples taken from the raw data, and they note that a codebook can incorporate the relevant literature and improves consistency when several people code the same material (Coates et al., 2021, p. 3). Their team sequence is also worth copying: independent preliminary coding, a meeting to agree the coding scheme, an assessment for saturation, formal individual coding, then a dispute-resolution meeting before anyone names a theme (Coates et al., 2021, p. 2). Coding is iterative in practice, not one pass. In Thomas and Harden's synthesis of eight studies, every sentence received at least one code and most received several, all the text under each code was rechecked for consistency, and the first round produced 36 codes (Thomas and Harden, 2008, p. 5).",[11,24,25],{},"Separate descriptive themes from analytical ones and say in your methods which you are reporting. Thomas and Harden grouped their 36 codes into a hierarchical tree of 12 descriptive themes that stayed close to the source text, then built analytical themes that went beyond it (Thomas and Harden, 2008, pp. 6, 8-9). Their tree also shows that themes need not be mutually exclusive, since one finding about children's food preferences sat in two places at once, because it concerned both reactions to food and behavior when choosing it (Thomas and Harden, 2008, p. 6). The analytical stage is where the interpretation appears. Theirs asked how fruit and vegetable consumption could be promoted, identified six issues in children's views, and reported that interventions targeting people with particular risk factors worked better, while interventions combining physical activity with healthy eating worked less well than those focused on healthy eating alone (Thomas and Harden, 2008, p. 7).",[11,27,28],{},"The write-up is where thematic analyses most often disappoint. Extracts are evidence, not illustration, so each one should be doing analytical work in the paragraph around it. A results section that presents three quotations per theme with a sentence of framing is a report of what people said rather than an analysis of what it means.",[30,31,33],"h2",{"id":32},"what-is-the-difference-between-a-code-and-a-theme","What is the difference between a code and a theme?",[11,35,36],{},"A code labels a segment of data. A theme is a pattern of shared meaning across codes that says something about your research question. Codes are descriptive and numerous, themes are interpretive and few. A list of topics is not a set of themes, however neatly it is organized.",[11,38,39],{},"The diagnostic is whether the theme has a point. \"Communication\" is a topic. \"Participants treated communication failures as evidence of institutional indifference rather than individual error\" is a theme, because it says something.",[11,41,42],{},"Three to six themes is typical for a study. More than about eight usually means you have collated codes rather than interpreted them, and the fix is to look for the shared meaning connecting several of them.",[30,44,46],{"id":45},"how-do-i-know-a-theme-is-real-and-not-something-i-imposed","How do I know a theme is real and not something I imposed?",[11,48,49],{},"Check it against the coded extracts and then against the whole dataset. A real theme has internal coherence, clear boundaries against other themes, and enough supporting data across participants. If it holds together only in the extracts you chose to look at, it is not yet a theme.",[11,51,52],{},"Look specifically for disconfirming data. A theme that no case contradicts is either genuinely strong or a sign that you stopped noticing the cases that did not fit, and going looking for the exceptions distinguishes the two.",[11,54,55],{},"Agreement between coders is a weaker check than it looks. Bonner et al. mapped 583 descriptions of childhood vaccination barriers onto a deductive framework and reached 89% agreement on the first pass, and the remaining discrepancies still forced them to write more precise definitions at the construct level (Bonner et al., 2021, p. 1). The same 583 descriptions coded inductively produced 74 barriers in seven categories and differentiated the data more finely, while the deductive pass exposed four domains of the 14-domain framework that the data did not reach. They recommend combining both approaches when you want comprehensive coverage, rather than treating either one as generally superior (Bonner et al., 2021, p. 2).",[11,57,58],{},"Reflexivity is the other half. Write down what you expected to find before you began, and check your themes against that note. Where they match perfectly, look harder. That note is also worth including in the methods, since it is evidence of the awareness examiners are testing for.",{"title":60,"searchDepth":61,"depth":61,"links":62},"",4,[63,65],{"id":32,"depth":64,"text":33},2,{"id":45,"depth":64,"text":46},"research-methods","The steps of thematic analysis in order, the difference between a code and a theme, and how to tell whether a theme came from the data or from your expectations.","md",[70,71],{"q":33,"a":36},{"q":46,"a":49},"How do I do thematic analysis step by step?","answer",{},true,1,[78,81],{"label":79,"to":80},"Thematic analysis as a workflow","\u002Fdocs\u002Fresearch-workflows\u002Fthematic-analysis",{"label":82,"to":83},"Building a qualitative evidence matrix","\u002Fblog\u002Fqualitative-evidence-matrix","\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-methods\u002Fhow-to-do-thematic-analysis","how to do thematic analysis step by step",{"text":87,"to":80,"label":88},"Agent Bayes can run thematic analysis over a corpus you have indexed, grouping passages by shared meaning into a map where every claim keeps the source and page it came from. You direct which themes to expand and which to set aside, and the evidence stays traceable throughout.","How thematic analysis works over a corpus",[90,91],"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fbuild-a-synthesis-matrix","\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-data\u002Fanonymize-qualitative-data",{"title":5,"description":67},[94,98,101],{"label":95,"url":96,"checked":97},"Bonner et al., Comparing inductive and deductive analysis techniques to understand health service implementation problems: a case study of childhood vaccination barriers, Implementation Science Communications (2021)","https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1186\u002Fs43058-021-00202-0","2026-08-06",{"label":99,"url":100,"checked":97},"Coates et al., A practical guide for conducting qualitative research in medical education: Part 2-Coding and thematic analysis, AEM Education and Training (2021)","https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1002\u002Faet2.10645",{"label":102,"url":103,"checked":97},"Thomas and Harden, Methods for the thematic synthesis of qualitative research in systematic reviews, BMC Medical Research Methodology (2008)","https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1186\u002F1471-2288-8-45","answers\u002Fresearch-methods\u002Fhow-to-do-thematic-analysis","xbYofFxE4wjiVJMaBHAAlCgke9afhneG-0V_u08bHig",[107,108,112,117,121,126,131,136],{"path":84,"heading":72,"description":67,"order":76},{"path":109,"heading":110,"description":111,"order":64},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-methods\u002Fhow-many-interviews-is-enough","How many interviews are enough for a qualitative study?","How many interviews a qualitative study actually needs, how to tell when saturation has been reached, and how to justify the number to reviewers and examiners.",{"path":113,"heading":114,"description":115,"order":116},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-methods\u002Finductive-or-deductive-coding","What is the difference between inductive and deductive thematic analysis?","The difference between inductive and deductive thematic analysis, whether the two can be combined in one study, and how to report which approach you used.",3,{"path":118,"heading":119,"description":120,"order":61},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-methods\u002Frigour-in-qualitative-research","How do I show rigour in qualitative research?","What rigour means in qualitative work, whether inter-rater reliability is needed, and what reflexivity looks like in practice rather than as a stated intention.",{"path":122,"heading":123,"description":124,"order":125},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-methods\u002Fchoose-a-statistical-test","How do I choose which statistical test to use?","How to work out which statistical test your data needs, the questions that decide the answer, and what to do when the assumptions of your chosen test fail.",5,{"path":127,"heading":128,"description":129,"order":130},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-methods\u002Fwork-out-your-sample-size","How do I calculate the sample size for a study?","How to calculate the sample size for a quantitative study, what a power analysis is actually doing, and what to do when the number you need is out of reach.",6,{"path":132,"heading":133,"description":134,"order":135},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-methods\u002Fwhat-a-p-value-means","What does a p value actually mean?","What a p value does and does not tell you, how to interpret a non-significant result, and why effect sizes and intervals usually belong alongside it.",7,{"path":137,"heading":138,"description":139,"order":140},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-methods\u002Fintegrate-mixed-methods-data","How do I integrate qualitative and quantitative data in a mixed methods study?","How to genuinely integrate qualitative and quantitative strands rather than reporting them separately, the standard designs, and where integration is written up.",8,[142,145,148,151,154,157,160,163,166,169,172,175,178,181,184,187,190,193,196,199,202,205,208,211,214,217,220,223,226,229,232,235,238,241,244,247,249,252,255,258,261,264,267,270,273,276,279,282,285,288,291,294,297,300,303,306,309,312,315,318,321,324,327,330,333,336,339,342,345,348,351,354,357,360,363,366,369,372,375,377,380,383,386,389,392,395,398,401,404,407,410,413,416,417,418,419,420,421,422,423],{"path":143,"heading":144},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fdraft-without-stopping-for-citations","How do I draft when I keep stopping to look up citations?",{"path":146,"heading":147},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fhow-long-should-a-literature-review-chapter-be","How long should a literature review chapter be?",{"path":149,"heading":150},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fparaphrase-without-plagiarizing","How do I paraphrase a source without plagiarizing?",{"path":152,"heading":153},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fstructure-a-phd-thesis","How do I structure a PhD thesis chapter by chapter?",{"path":155,"heading":156},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fthesis-by-publication-or-monograph","Should I do a thesis by publication or a monograph?",{"path":158,"heading":159},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fwrite-a-discussion-section","How do I write a discussion section without repeating the results?",{"path":161,"heading":162},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fwrite-a-methodology-chapter","How do I write a methodology chapter?",{"path":164,"heading":165},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fwrite-a-thesis-introduction","How do I write a thesis introduction?",{"path":167,"heading":168},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fwrite-an-abstract","How do I write an abstract for a research paper?",{"path":170,"heading":171},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fwrite-consistently-during-a-phd","How do I write consistently during a PhD?",{"path":173,"heading":174},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fai-for-systematic-review-screening","Can I use AI for screening in a systematic review?",{"path":176,"heading":177},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fare-ai-detectors-reliable","Are AI detectors reliable?",{"path":179,"heading":180},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fcan-an-ai-be-an-author","Can an AI tool be listed as an author on a paper?",{"path":182,"heading":183},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fcan-i-use-ai-for-a-literature-review","Can I use AI for a literature review?",{"path":185,"heading":186},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fcan-you-trust-an-ai-summary","Can I trust AI summaries of research papers?",{"path":188,"heading":189},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fdisclose-ai-use-in-a-paper","Do I need to disclose AI use in a research paper?",{"path":191,"heading":192},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fhow-to-cite-chatgpt","How do I cite ChatGPT in APA 7?",{"path":194,"heading":195},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fis-using-chatgpt-plagiarism","Is using ChatGPT for academic writing plagiarism?",{"path":197,"heading":198},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fusing-ai-in-a-phd-thesis","Can I use AI in a PhD thesis?",{"path":200,"heading":201},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fusing-ai-to-write-a-peer-review","Can I use AI to help write a peer review?",{"path":203,"heading":204},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fverify-ai-generated-citations","How do I check whether AI-generated citations are real?",{"path":206,"heading":207},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fwhy-ai-answers-better-on-your-own-pdfs","Why does an AI answer better when it reads my own PDFs?",{"path":209,"heading":210},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fwhy-chatgpt-invents-references","Why does ChatGPT make up references?",{"path":212,"heading":213},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fcheck-every-claim-against-its-citation","How do I check that every claim in my thesis is supported by its citation?",{"path":215,"heading":216},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fcite-the-paper-you-read-or-the-original","Should I cite the paper I read or the original study it references?",{"path":218,"heading":219},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fcited-source-does-not-say-that","What do I do when a paper's cited source does not support its claim?",{"path":221,"heading":222},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fciting-a-paper-you-cannot-access","Can I cite a paper I cannot get hold of?",{"path":224,"heading":225},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fciting-a-review-instead-of-the-original","Is citing a review instead of the original research bad practice?",{"path":227,"heading":228},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fdo-i-need-to-cite-everything","Do I need to cite absolutely everything in a thesis?",{"path":230,"heading":231},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fhow-much-self-citation","How much self-citation is acceptable?",{"path":233,"heading":234},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fjournal-page-number-or-pdf-page-number","Do I use the journal page number or the PDF page number in a citation?",{"path":236,"heading":237},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fquoting-a-source-in-another-language","How do I quote a source in another language in an English thesis?",{"path":239,"heading":240},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fwhere-does-the-citation-go","Where should a citation go when only one clause in a sentence needs support?",{"path":242,"heading":243},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fyou-described-a-result-too-broadly","How do I fix a sentence that describes a study's result too broadly?",{"path":245,"heading":246},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fzotero-or-mendeley","Should I use Zotero or Mendeley for a PhD?",{"path":90,"heading":248},"How do I build a synthesis matrix when my themes keep changing as I read?",{"path":250,"heading":251},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fkeep-a-literature-review-current","How do I keep a literature review current over a multi-year PhD?",{"path":253,"heading":254},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fliterature-review-synthesis-or-summary","How do I know if my literature review is synthesis or just a summary?",{"path":256,"heading":257},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fliterature-review-too-descriptive","What does it mean when a supervisor says a literature review is too descriptive?",{"path":259,"heading":260},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fnarrative-scoping-or-systematic-review","What is the difference between a narrative literature review and a systematic review?",{"path":262,"heading":263},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Forganize-literature-review-by-argument","How do I organize a literature review by argument instead of by paper?",{"path":265,"heading":266},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Freview-that-leads-to-your-question","How do I write a literature review that leads logically to my research question?",{"path":268,"heading":269},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fscreening-abstracts-for-a-review","How do I screen hundreds of abstracts for a systematic review?",{"path":271,"heading":272},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fstudies-with-opposite-conclusions","What do I write when two studies on the same question reach opposite conclusions?",{"path":274,"heading":275},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fsynthesis-matrix-into-paragraphs","How do I turn a synthesis matrix into literature review paragraphs?",{"path":277,"heading":278},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fsystematic-review-search-strategy","How do I build a search strategy for a systematic review?",{"path":280,"heading":281},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fwhen-to-stop-searching-for-papers","How do I know when to stop searching for papers for a literature review?",{"path":283,"heading":284},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fphd-life\u002Fdefend-your-methodology-in-a-viva","How do I defend my methodology in a viva?",{"path":286,"heading":287},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fphd-life\u002Fimposter-syndrome-in-a-phd","How do I deal with imposter syndrome during a PhD?",{"path":289,"heading":290},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fphd-life\u002Fplan-a-realistic-phd-timeline","How do I plan a realistic PhD timeline?",{"path":292,"heading":293},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fphd-life\u002Fpostdoc-or-industry","Should I do a postdoc or go to industry after my PhD?",{"path":295,"heading":296},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fphd-life\u002Fprepare-for-a-phd-viva","How do I prepare for a PhD viva?",{"path":298,"heading":299},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fphd-life\u002Fstop-procrastinating-on-your-phd","How do I stop procrastinating on my PhD?",{"path":301,"heading":302},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fphd-life\u002Fwhat-happens-if-a-viva-goes-badly","What happens if you fail a PhD viva?",{"path":304,"heading":305},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fphd-life\u002Fwhen-your-supervisor-is-not-supportive","What do I do when my PhD supervisor is not supportive?",{"path":307,"heading":308},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fphd-life\u002Fwrite-an-academic-cv","How do I write an academic CV for a postdoc application?",{"path":310,"heading":311},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Fchoose-a-journal","How do I choose a journal for my paper?",{"path":313,"heading":314},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Fdo-you-pay-to-publish-open-access","Do I have to pay to publish open access?",{"path":316,"heading":317},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Fhow-author-order-is-decided","How is author order decided on a paper?",{"path":319,"heading":320},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Fhow-peer-review-works","How does journal peer review actually work?",{"path":322,"heading":323},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Fhow-to-cite-a-preprint","How do I cite a preprint?",{"path":325,"heading":326},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Fjournal-submission-cover-letter","How do I write a cover letter for a journal submission?",{"path":328,"heading":329},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Frespond-to-reviewer-comments","How do I respond to peer reviewer comments?",{"path":331,"heading":332},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Fshould-you-post-a-preprint","Should I post my paper as a preprint?",{"path":334,"heading":335},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Fspot-a-predatory-journal","How do I tell if a journal is predatory?",{"path":337,"heading":338},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Fwhy-papers-get-desk-rejected","Why was my paper desk rejected?",{"path":340,"heading":341},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Ffind-the-paper-you-half-remember","How do I find a paper when I only remember the argument it made?",{"path":343,"heading":344},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Fhighlighting-pdfs-stops-working","Why can I never find my PDF highlights again?",{"path":346,"heading":347},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Fhow-many-papers-can-you-read-a-day","How many papers can a PhD student realistically read in a day?",{"path":349,"heading":350},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Fkeep-up-with-new-papers","How do I keep up with new papers without reading everything?",{"path":352,"heading":353},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Fnon-english-studies-in-a-review","How do I include non-English studies in a literature review?",{"path":355,"heading":356},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Fnote-system-takes-too-long","What do I do when my note-taking system takes longer than reading the papers?",{"path":358,"heading":359},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Forganize-100-papers","How do I organize and extract information from more than 100 papers?",{"path":361,"heading":362},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Freading-papers-in-a-second-language","How do I read research papers efficiently when English is my second language?",{"path":364,"heading":365},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Fremember-what-a-paper-said","How do I remember what was in papers I read months ago?",{"path":367,"heading":368},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Frestart-a-project-after-months-away","How do I get back into a research project after months away?",{"path":370,"heading":371},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Ftrack-connections-between-papers","How do I keep track of connections between papers?",{"path":373,"heading":374},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Ftriage-pdfs-before-reading","How do I triage 200 PDFs before deciding which ones to read in full?",{"path":91,"heading":376},"How do I anonymize qualitative interview data?",{"path":378,"heading":379},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-data\u002Ffair-data-principles-in-practice","What are the FAIR data principles?",{"path":381,"heading":382},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-data\u002Forganize-research-data-files","How do I organize research data files?",{"path":384,"heading":385},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-data\u002Fwhat-preregistration-is","What is preregistration in research?",{"path":387,"heading":388},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-data\u002Fwrite-a-data-management-plan","How do I write a data management plan?",{"path":390,"heading":391},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-gaps\u002Fchoose-a-theoretical-framework","How do I choose a theoretical framework for my thesis?",{"path":393,"heading":394},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-gaps\u002Ffind-a-research-gap","How do I identify a research gap in the literature?",{"path":396,"heading":397},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-gaps\u002Fis-my-research-gap-original","How do I know if my research gap is original?",{"path":399,"heading":400},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-gaps\u002Fnarrow-a-broad-research-question","How do I narrow down a research question that is too broad?",{"path":402,"heading":403},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-gaps\u002Fresearch-question-changed-mid-phd","Can a research question change during a PhD?",{"path":405,"heading":406},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-gaps\u002Fresearch-question-or-hypothesis","What is the difference between a research question and a hypothesis?",{"path":408,"heading":409},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-gaps\u002Fturn-a-topic-into-a-research-question","How do I turn a research topic into a research question?",{"path":411,"heading":412},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-gaps\u002Fwhat-makes-a-good-research-question","What makes a good research question in a PhD thesis?",{"path":414,"heading":415},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-gaps\u002Fwrite-a-research-gap-statement","How do I write a research gap statement?",{"path":122,"heading":123},{"path":109,"heading":110},{"path":84,"heading":72},{"path":113,"heading":114},{"path":137,"heading":138},{"path":118,"heading":119},{"path":132,"heading":133},{"path":127,"heading":128},1786014769194]