[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":425},["ShallowReactive",2],{"answers-\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-methods\u002Fhow-many-interviews-is-enough":3,"answers-cluster-research-methods":106,"answers-related-\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-methods\u002Fhow-many-interviews-is-enough":142},{"id":4,"title":5,"answer":6,"body":7,"cluster":69,"description":70,"extension":71,"faq":72,"heading":75,"intro":63,"kind":76,"meta":77,"navigation":78,"order":67,"outbound":79,"path":86,"primaryQuery":87,"product":88,"related":89,"seo":92,"sources":93,"stem":104,"updated":97,"__hash__":105},"answers\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-methods\u002Fhow-many-interviews-is-enough.md","How Many Interviews Are Enough?","For a focused study with a homogeneous sample, most researchers find little new after 12 to 20 interviews. Broader questions and more varied samples need more. The number is a consequence of your design rather than a target, and reviewers accept a justified number far more readily than a large one.",{"type":8,"value":9,"toc":62},"minimark",[10,14,17,20,23,26,29,34,37,40,43,46,50,53,56,59],[11,12,13],"p",{},"The honest answer is that there is no number, and the reason people want one is that a defensible sample size has to be argued rather than looked up. The commonly cited figures come from empirical studies of when new codes stopped appearing in particular datasets, and they transfer only to studies resembling those datasets.",[11,15,16],{},"It helps to know where the familiar figures came from. Guest, Bunce and Johnson analysed 60 interviews and found thematic saturation by interview 12, on a homogeneous sample with focused aims, and the authors warned that broader questions or more varied samples would need more. Green and Thorogood reported that little new information appears after about 20 people when the question is specific and participants belong to one analytically relevant category (Vasileiou et al., 2018, pp. 2-3). Both numbers describe a narrow design, so quoting them without matching that design is the mistake reviewers catch.",[11,18,19],{},"What drives the number is variation. If your participants share a role, a setting, and an experience, a small number covers the range quickly. If you are sampling across three professions and two countries, you need enough in each group to see within-group patterns, and the total climbs fast.",[11,21,22],{},"The published counts move with that variation. Hagaman and Wutich needed 20 to 40 interviews to saturate meta-themes across multiple sites and cultures, and Francis and colleagues reached saturation on all their predetermined constructs at interview 17, having set an initial analysis sample of 10 followed by a stopping rule of three further interviews yielding nothing new (Vasileiou et al., 2018, p. 3). Discipline conventions sit in the same range, with 20 to 30 interviews recommended for grounded theory and 15 to 30 for single-case work, against a practical ceiling of about 50 to keep the analysis manageable (Vasileiou et al., 2018, p. 2). Those figures are not interchangeable, and picking the one that suits your recruitment is not a justification.",[11,24,25],{},"Design depth pulls the other way. Studies that analyze a small number of interviews in great detail, such as interpretative phenomenological analysis, work with six to ten by design, and adding participants would make the analysis shallower rather than stronger. Naming the tradition you are working in does much of the justification for you.",[11,27,28],{},"Practical constraints are legitimate and should be stated rather than dressed up. \"Recruitment closed at fourteen because the funded period ended, which limits the range of settings represented\" is a defensible sentence. An invented methodological reason for a practical limit is not.",[30,31,33],"h2",{"id":32},"how-do-i-know-when-i-have-reached-saturation","How do I know when I have reached saturation?",[11,35,36],{},"When successive interviews stop producing new codes rather than new words. Track it: record how many new codes each interview generates, and watch the curve flatten. Saturation claimed without that record is an assertion, and it is increasingly challenged in review.",[11,38,39],{},"Saturation is also relative to your question. You can be saturated on your central theme and thin on a secondary one, so check it per theme rather than for the study as a whole.",[11,41,42],{},"Saturation also comes in two forms, and they stop at different points. Hennink, Kaiser and Marconi separated code saturation, the point where no new issues appear, from meaning saturation, the point where further interviews stop adding nuance and dimension to what you already have. They hit code saturation at nine interviews and meaning saturation only at 16 to 24 (Vasileiou et al., 2018, p. 3). If your analysis has to explain how or why something works, nine interviews will give you the topic list and not the account, so state which of the two your argument needs.",[11,44,45],{},"The concept has real critics, who argue that meaning is never exhausted and that saturation claims are often retrospective justifications for a sample size chosen for other reasons. Knowing that literature exists is useful, because an examiner may raise it, and the answer is to report what you actually observed rather than to invoke the term.",[30,47,49],{"id":48},"how-do-i-justify-the-number-to-reviewers","How do I justify the number to reviewers?",[11,51,52],{},"Give the reasoning, not the norm. State the sample's homogeneity, the breadth of the question, the interview length, the depth of analysis, and the point at which new codes stopped appearing. \"Twenty was standard in this field\" is the weakest available justification.",[11,54,55],{},"Report the recruitment story too: how many were approached, how many declined, and whether the people who declined differed systematically from those who took part. That last point affects how your findings should be read and is rarely reported.",[11,57,58],{},"There is a reason examiners have stopped taking the word at face value. Across the qualitative health studies reviewed, saturation accounted for 55% of all sample size justifications, and not one of those claims was substantiated by a procedure reported in the study (Vasileiou et al., 2018, p. 15). The same review argues that adequacy is not only about how much data you collected, but about variety, disconfirming evidence, and discrepant cases, and it asks you to weigh your epistemological position, aims, phenomenon, sampling strategy, data richness, and your own interviewing experience (Vasileiou et al., 2018, pp. 15-16). A short paragraph doing that work outperforms the word saturation on its own.",[11,60,61],{},"If you have a target from a funder or an ethics application, say what it was and whether you met it. Consistency between the protocol and what happened is itself a quality signal.",{"title":63,"searchDepth":64,"depth":64,"links":65},"",4,[66,68],{"id":32,"depth":67,"text":33},2,{"id":48,"depth":67,"text":49},"research-methods","How many interviews a qualitative study actually needs, how to tell when saturation has been reached, and how to justify the number to reviewers and examiners.","md",[73,74],{"q":33,"a":36},{"q":49,"a":52},"How many interviews are enough for a qualitative study?","answer",{},true,[80,83],{"label":81,"to":82},"Thematic analysis as a workflow","\u002Fdocs\u002Fresearch-workflows\u002Fthematic-analysis",{"label":84,"to":85},"Building a qualitative evidence matrix","\u002Fblog\u002Fqualitative-evidence-matrix","\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-methods\u002Fhow-many-interviews-is-enough","how many interviews are enough for qualitative research",null,[90,91],"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-data\u002Fanonymize-qualitative-data","\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fwhen-to-stop-searching-for-papers",{"title":5,"description":70},[94,98,101],{"label":95,"url":96,"checked":97},"Vasileiou et al., Characterising and justifying sample size sufficiency in interview-based studies: systematic analysis of qualitative health research over a 15-year period, BMC Medical Research Methodology (2018)","https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1186\u002Fs12874-018-0594-7","2026-08-06",{"label":99,"url":100,"checked":97},"Korstjens and Moser, Series: Practical guidance to qualitative research. Part 4: Trustworthiness and publishing, European Journal of General Practice (2018)","https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1080\u002F13814788.2017.1375092",{"label":102,"url":103,"checked":97},"Serdar et al., Sample size, power and effect size revisited: simplified and practical approaches in pre-clinical, clinical and laboratory studies, Biochemia Medica (2021)","https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.11613\u002FBM.2021.010502","answers\u002Fresearch-methods\u002Fhow-many-interviews-is-enough","SWvfK3ogjXrWX42DugWsahB9OJCyp-ELm56oHtZ-SVA",[107,112,113,118,122,127,132,137],{"path":108,"heading":109,"description":110,"order":111},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-methods\u002Fhow-to-do-thematic-analysis","How do I do thematic analysis step by step?","The steps of thematic analysis in order, the difference between a code and a theme, and how to tell whether a theme came from the data or from your expectations.",1,{"path":86,"heading":75,"description":70,"order":67},{"path":114,"heading":115,"description":116,"order":117},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-methods\u002Finductive-or-deductive-coding","What is the difference between inductive and deductive thematic analysis?","The difference between inductive and deductive thematic analysis, whether the two can be combined in one study, and how to report which approach you used.",3,{"path":119,"heading":120,"description":121,"order":64},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-methods\u002Frigour-in-qualitative-research","How do I show rigour in qualitative research?","What rigour means in qualitative work, whether inter-rater reliability is needed, and what reflexivity looks like in practice rather than as a stated intention.",{"path":123,"heading":124,"description":125,"order":126},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-methods\u002Fchoose-a-statistical-test","How do I choose which statistical test to use?","How to work out which statistical test your data needs, the questions that decide the answer, and what to do when the assumptions of your chosen test fail.",5,{"path":128,"heading":129,"description":130,"order":131},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-methods\u002Fwork-out-your-sample-size","How do I calculate the sample size for a study?","How to calculate the sample size for a quantitative study, what a power analysis is actually doing, and what to do when the number you need is out of reach.",6,{"path":133,"heading":134,"description":135,"order":136},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-methods\u002Fwhat-a-p-value-means","What does a p value actually mean?","What a p value does and does not tell you, how to interpret a non-significant result, and why effect sizes and intervals usually belong alongside it.",7,{"path":138,"heading":139,"description":140,"order":141},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-methods\u002Fintegrate-mixed-methods-data","How do I integrate qualitative and quantitative data in a mixed methods study?","How to genuinely integrate qualitative and quantitative strands rather than reporting them separately, the standard designs, and where integration is written up.",8,[143,146,149,152,155,158,161,164,167,170,173,176,179,182,185,188,191,194,197,200,203,206,209,212,215,218,221,224,227,230,233,236,239,242,245,248,251,254,257,260,263,266,269,272,275,278,281,283,286,289,292,295,298,301,304,307,310,313,316,319,322,325,328,331,334,337,340,343,346,349,352,355,358,361,364,367,370,373,376,378,381,384,387,390,393,396,399,402,405,408,411,414,417,418,419,420,421,422,423,424],{"path":144,"heading":145},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fdraft-without-stopping-for-citations","How do I draft when I keep stopping to look up citations?",{"path":147,"heading":148},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fhow-long-should-a-literature-review-chapter-be","How long should a literature review chapter be?",{"path":150,"heading":151},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fparaphrase-without-plagiarizing","How do I paraphrase a source without plagiarizing?",{"path":153,"heading":154},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fstructure-a-phd-thesis","How do I structure a PhD thesis chapter by chapter?",{"path":156,"heading":157},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fthesis-by-publication-or-monograph","Should I do a thesis by publication or a monograph?",{"path":159,"heading":160},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fwrite-a-discussion-section","How do I write a discussion section without repeating the results?",{"path":162,"heading":163},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fwrite-a-methodology-chapter","How do I write a methodology chapter?",{"path":165,"heading":166},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fwrite-a-thesis-introduction","How do I write a thesis introduction?",{"path":168,"heading":169},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fwrite-an-abstract","How do I write an abstract for a research paper?",{"path":171,"heading":172},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fwrite-consistently-during-a-phd","How do I write consistently during a PhD?",{"path":174,"heading":175},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fai-for-systematic-review-screening","Can I use AI for screening in a systematic review?",{"path":177,"heading":178},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fare-ai-detectors-reliable","Are AI detectors reliable?",{"path":180,"heading":181},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fcan-an-ai-be-an-author","Can an AI tool be listed as an author on a paper?",{"path":183,"heading":184},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fcan-i-use-ai-for-a-literature-review","Can I use AI for a literature review?",{"path":186,"heading":187},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fcan-you-trust-an-ai-summary","Can I trust AI summaries of research papers?",{"path":189,"heading":190},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fdisclose-ai-use-in-a-paper","Do I need to disclose AI use in a research paper?",{"path":192,"heading":193},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fhow-to-cite-chatgpt","How do I cite ChatGPT in APA 7?",{"path":195,"heading":196},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fis-using-chatgpt-plagiarism","Is using ChatGPT for academic writing plagiarism?",{"path":198,"heading":199},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fusing-ai-in-a-phd-thesis","Can I use AI in a PhD thesis?",{"path":201,"heading":202},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fusing-ai-to-write-a-peer-review","Can I use AI to help write a peer review?",{"path":204,"heading":205},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fverify-ai-generated-citations","How do I check whether AI-generated citations are real?",{"path":207,"heading":208},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fwhy-ai-answers-better-on-your-own-pdfs","Why does an AI answer better when it reads my own PDFs?",{"path":210,"heading":211},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fwhy-chatgpt-invents-references","Why does ChatGPT make up references?",{"path":213,"heading":214},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fcheck-every-claim-against-its-citation","How do I check that every claim in my thesis is supported by its citation?",{"path":216,"heading":217},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fcite-the-paper-you-read-or-the-original","Should I cite the paper I read or the original study it references?",{"path":219,"heading":220},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fcited-source-does-not-say-that","What do I do when a paper's cited source does not support its claim?",{"path":222,"heading":223},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fciting-a-paper-you-cannot-access","Can I cite a paper I cannot get hold of?",{"path":225,"heading":226},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fciting-a-review-instead-of-the-original","Is citing a review instead of the original research bad practice?",{"path":228,"heading":229},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fdo-i-need-to-cite-everything","Do I need to cite absolutely everything in a thesis?",{"path":231,"heading":232},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fhow-much-self-citation","How much self-citation is acceptable?",{"path":234,"heading":235},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fjournal-page-number-or-pdf-page-number","Do I use the journal page number or the PDF page number in a citation?",{"path":237,"heading":238},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fquoting-a-source-in-another-language","How do I quote a source in another language in an English thesis?",{"path":240,"heading":241},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fwhere-does-the-citation-go","Where should a citation go when only one clause in a sentence needs support?",{"path":243,"heading":244},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fyou-described-a-result-too-broadly","How do I fix a sentence that describes a study's result too broadly?",{"path":246,"heading":247},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fzotero-or-mendeley","Should I use Zotero or Mendeley for a PhD?",{"path":249,"heading":250},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fbuild-a-synthesis-matrix","How do I build a synthesis matrix when my themes keep changing as I read?",{"path":252,"heading":253},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fkeep-a-literature-review-current","How do I keep a literature review current over a multi-year PhD?",{"path":255,"heading":256},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fliterature-review-synthesis-or-summary","How do I know if my literature review is synthesis or just a summary?",{"path":258,"heading":259},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fliterature-review-too-descriptive","What does it mean when a supervisor says a literature review is too descriptive?",{"path":261,"heading":262},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fnarrative-scoping-or-systematic-review","What is the difference between a narrative literature review and a systematic review?",{"path":264,"heading":265},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Forganize-literature-review-by-argument","How do I organize a literature review by argument instead of by paper?",{"path":267,"heading":268},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Freview-that-leads-to-your-question","How do I write a literature review that leads logically to my research question?",{"path":270,"heading":271},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fscreening-abstracts-for-a-review","How do I screen hundreds of abstracts for a systematic review?",{"path":273,"heading":274},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fstudies-with-opposite-conclusions","What do I write when two studies on the same question reach opposite conclusions?",{"path":276,"heading":277},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fsynthesis-matrix-into-paragraphs","How do I turn a synthesis matrix into literature review paragraphs?",{"path":279,"heading":280},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fsystematic-review-search-strategy","How do I build a search strategy for a systematic review?",{"path":91,"heading":282},"How do I know when to stop searching for papers for a literature review?",{"path":284,"heading":285},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fphd-life\u002Fdefend-your-methodology-in-a-viva","How do I defend my methodology in a viva?",{"path":287,"heading":288},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fphd-life\u002Fimposter-syndrome-in-a-phd","How do I deal with imposter syndrome during a PhD?",{"path":290,"heading":291},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fphd-life\u002Fplan-a-realistic-phd-timeline","How do I plan a realistic PhD timeline?",{"path":293,"heading":294},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fphd-life\u002Fpostdoc-or-industry","Should I do a postdoc or go to industry after my PhD?",{"path":296,"heading":297},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fphd-life\u002Fprepare-for-a-phd-viva","How do I prepare for a PhD viva?",{"path":299,"heading":300},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fphd-life\u002Fstop-procrastinating-on-your-phd","How do I stop procrastinating on my PhD?",{"path":302,"heading":303},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fphd-life\u002Fwhat-happens-if-a-viva-goes-badly","What happens if you fail a PhD viva?",{"path":305,"heading":306},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fphd-life\u002Fwhen-your-supervisor-is-not-supportive","What do I do when my PhD supervisor is not supportive?",{"path":308,"heading":309},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fphd-life\u002Fwrite-an-academic-cv","How do I write an academic CV for a postdoc application?",{"path":311,"heading":312},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Fchoose-a-journal","How do I choose a journal for my paper?",{"path":314,"heading":315},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Fdo-you-pay-to-publish-open-access","Do I have to pay to publish open access?",{"path":317,"heading":318},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Fhow-author-order-is-decided","How is author order decided on a paper?",{"path":320,"heading":321},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Fhow-peer-review-works","How does journal peer review actually work?",{"path":323,"heading":324},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Fhow-to-cite-a-preprint","How do I cite a preprint?",{"path":326,"heading":327},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Fjournal-submission-cover-letter","How do I write a cover letter for a journal submission?",{"path":329,"heading":330},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Frespond-to-reviewer-comments","How do I respond to peer reviewer comments?",{"path":332,"heading":333},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Fshould-you-post-a-preprint","Should I post my paper as a preprint?",{"path":335,"heading":336},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Fspot-a-predatory-journal","How do I tell if a journal is predatory?",{"path":338,"heading":339},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Fwhy-papers-get-desk-rejected","Why was my paper desk rejected?",{"path":341,"heading":342},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Ffind-the-paper-you-half-remember","How do I find a paper when I only remember the argument it made?",{"path":344,"heading":345},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Fhighlighting-pdfs-stops-working","Why can I never find my PDF highlights again?",{"path":347,"heading":348},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Fhow-many-papers-can-you-read-a-day","How many papers can a PhD student realistically read in a day?",{"path":350,"heading":351},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Fkeep-up-with-new-papers","How do I keep up with new papers without reading everything?",{"path":353,"heading":354},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Fnon-english-studies-in-a-review","How do I include non-English studies in a literature review?",{"path":356,"heading":357},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Fnote-system-takes-too-long","What do I do when my note-taking system takes longer than reading the papers?",{"path":359,"heading":360},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Forganize-100-papers","How do I organize and extract information from more than 100 papers?",{"path":362,"heading":363},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Freading-papers-in-a-second-language","How do I read research papers efficiently when English is my second language?",{"path":365,"heading":366},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Fremember-what-a-paper-said","How do I remember what was in papers I read months ago?",{"path":368,"heading":369},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Frestart-a-project-after-months-away","How do I get back into a research project after months away?",{"path":371,"heading":372},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Ftrack-connections-between-papers","How do I keep track of connections between papers?",{"path":374,"heading":375},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Ftriage-pdfs-before-reading","How do I triage 200 PDFs before deciding which ones to read in full?",{"path":90,"heading":377},"How do I anonymize qualitative interview data?",{"path":379,"heading":380},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-data\u002Ffair-data-principles-in-practice","What are the FAIR data principles?",{"path":382,"heading":383},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-data\u002Forganize-research-data-files","How do I organize research data files?",{"path":385,"heading":386},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-data\u002Fwhat-preregistration-is","What is preregistration in research?",{"path":388,"heading":389},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-data\u002Fwrite-a-data-management-plan","How do I write a data management plan?",{"path":391,"heading":392},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-gaps\u002Fchoose-a-theoretical-framework","How do I choose a theoretical framework for my thesis?",{"path":394,"heading":395},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-gaps\u002Ffind-a-research-gap","How do I identify a research gap in the literature?",{"path":397,"heading":398},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-gaps\u002Fis-my-research-gap-original","How do I know if my research gap is original?",{"path":400,"heading":401},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-gaps\u002Fnarrow-a-broad-research-question","How do I narrow down a research question that is too broad?",{"path":403,"heading":404},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-gaps\u002Fresearch-question-changed-mid-phd","Can a research question change during a PhD?",{"path":406,"heading":407},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-gaps\u002Fresearch-question-or-hypothesis","What is the difference between a research question and a hypothesis?",{"path":409,"heading":410},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-gaps\u002Fturn-a-topic-into-a-research-question","How do I turn a research topic into a research question?",{"path":412,"heading":413},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-gaps\u002Fwhat-makes-a-good-research-question","What makes a good research question in a PhD thesis?",{"path":415,"heading":416},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-gaps\u002Fwrite-a-research-gap-statement","How do I write a research gap statement?",{"path":123,"heading":124},{"path":86,"heading":75},{"path":108,"heading":109},{"path":114,"heading":115},{"path":138,"heading":139},{"path":119,"heading":120},{"path":133,"heading":134},{"path":128,"heading":129},1786014769200]