[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":425},["ShallowReactive",2],{"answers-\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-methods\u002Fchoose-a-statistical-test":3,"answers-cluster-research-methods":107,"answers-related-\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-methods\u002Fchoose-a-statistical-test":142},{"id":4,"title":5,"answer":6,"body":7,"cluster":69,"description":70,"extension":71,"faq":72,"heading":75,"intro":63,"kind":76,"meta":77,"navigation":78,"order":79,"outbound":80,"path":87,"primaryQuery":88,"product":89,"related":90,"seo":93,"sources":94,"stem":105,"updated":98,"__hash__":106},"answers\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-methods\u002Fchoose-a-statistical-test.md","How to Choose the Right Statistical Test","Four questions decide it: what is your outcome variable's type, how many groups or predictors are involved, are the observations independent or paired, and does the data meet the test's distributional assumptions. Answer those in order and the choice narrows to one or two candidates.",{"type":8,"value":9,"toc":62},"minimark",[10,14,17,20,23,26,31,34,37,40,43,46,50,53,56,59],[11,12,13],"p",{},"Test selection flowcharts are useful and they hide the important point, which is that the test follows from the design rather than the other way round. If you find yourself choosing a test after data collection and hoping one fits, the difficulty started earlier, at the point where the analysis was not planned alongside the design.",[11,15,16],{},"Working through the four questions is usually enough. A continuous outcome, two independent groups, roughly normal residuals gives you an independent samples t test. The same outcome measured twice on the same people gives you a paired test or a mixed model. A binary outcome with several predictors gives you logistic regression. Most of applied statistics is this narrowing.",[11,18,19],{},"Worked examples make the narrowing concrete. To compare diastolic blood pressure across three age groups, one-way ANOVA fits when the values are normally distributed, and the Kruskal-Wallis H test or a median test fits when they are not. To compare mean arterial pressure between a treatment group and a control group, the independent samples t test fits normally distributed values and the Mann-Whitney U test fits non-normal ones. Pairing is a separate question from normality: measurements taken from the same subjects at two times or by two methods call for a paired samples t test, and different subjects in each group call for the independent samples test (Mishra et al., 2019, p. 298). The same authors point out that SPSS, R, Stata, and SAS make the analysis easy to run without solving the selection problem, and that running an unpaired t test on paired data or a parametric test on non-normal data are common errors in published biomedical research (Mishra et al., 2019, p. 297).",[11,21,22],{},"The question people skip is independence. Data collected in clusters, classrooms, clinics, households, repeated occasions, violates the independence assumption of the simple tests, and ignoring the clustering produces standard errors that are too small and results that look more significant than they are. If your data has structure, the model needs to know about it.",[11,24,25],{},"Where the decision genuinely is not obvious, ask a statistician before collecting data rather than after. Most institutions have a consulting service, and the conversation is short when the design is still changeable and long when it is not.",[27,28,30],"h2",{"id":29},"which-questions-decide-the-answer","Which questions decide the answer?",[11,32,33],{},"Outcome type first, since continuous, count, binary, and ordinal outcomes lead to different families. Then the number and structure of groups. Then independence, because repeated measures on the same participants require paired or mixed models. Then assumptions, which decide between the parametric test and its alternative.",[11,35,36],{},"Write your answers to the four questions into the methods chapter as a short paragraph. It makes the choice legible to a reader and it is the passage an examiner will use to check that you understood why the test fits.",[11,38,39],{},"For a categorical outcome, the number of categories and the dependence structure decide together. Pearson's chi-square or Fisher's exact test covers proportions and associations across two or more independent groups, McNemar's test covers two paired groups, and Cochran's Q test covers three or more paired groups. When you are predicting rather than comparing, binary logistic regression handles a two-category outcome and multinomial logistic regression handles an outcome with three or more categories (Mishra et al., 2019, pp. 298-300). Zitomer et al. extend the same logic to distributional form rather than the categorical label alone, naming logistic regression and Fisher's exact test for binary data, Poisson or negative binomial regression for counts, and Dirichlet regression for proportions (Zitomer et al., 2022, p. 5).",[11,41,42],{},"Note also what you are estimating, not just what you are testing. A test gives you a p value, and a reader usually wants the effect size and its confidence interval, which comes from the model rather than the test.",[11,44,45],{},"Decide all of this while you are still planning, because sample size is set by the effect you expect rather than by the test you pick. There is no fixed minimum sample size attached to any particular test. The number follows from the effect size, the confidence level, and the power you target, with 95% confidence and 80% power the usual settings, and a larger expected effect needing a smaller sample (Mishra et al., 2019, p. 300). Power rises with sample size and effect size and falls when variability is high, so a large enough sample will return a significant p value for an effect too small to matter (Zitomer et al., 2022, p. 6). Report the estimate instead. One of their examples states that a species was 3.2 times more likely to use a treatment site than a control site, with a 95% confidence interval of 1.3 to 4.6, which tells a reader far more than p \u003C .01 (Zitomer et al., 2022, p. 6).",[27,47,49],{"id":48},"what-do-i-do-when-the-assumptions-fail","What do I do when the assumptions fail?",[11,51,52],{},"You have three routes: transform the outcome, use the nonparametric equivalent, or use a model that assumes the distribution you actually have. Report which you chose and why. Running the parametric test anyway and not mentioning the violation is the option that causes trouble in review.",[11,54,55],{},"Check assumptions with plots rather than only with significance tests of normality, since those tests are oversensitive in large samples and underpowered in small ones. A residual plot tells you more than a p value about whether a model fits.",[11,57,58],{},"Treat the parametric and nonparametric options as a conditional choice rather than a ranking. Parametric methods are generally better at detecting group differences, and they ask more of the data in return, including approximate normality and an adequate sample size. Means are also strongly affected by outliers, while medians and mean ranks are affected much less (Mishra et al., 2019, p. 299). Zitomer et al. agree that nonparametric methods carry fewer assumptions and add the qualification that they usually have lower power and that every alternative has assumptions of its own (Zitomer et al., 2022, p. 5). Kass et al. extend the list of assumption violations beyond normality, to missing data, measurement bias, nonlinearity, and dependence, and conclude that you should read data displays, residuals, and measures of fit rather than accept what the software prints (Kass et al., 2016, pp. 5-6).",[11,60,61],{},"Sensitivity analysis is the strongest response when you are unsure. Run the analysis both ways and report that the conclusion did or did not change. If it did not, the assumption question stops mattering. If it did, that is something a reader needs to know.",{"title":63,"searchDepth":64,"depth":64,"links":65},"",4,[66,68],{"id":29,"depth":67,"text":30},2,{"id":48,"depth":67,"text":49},"research-methods","How to work out which statistical test your data needs, the questions that decide the answer, and what to do when the assumptions of your chosen test fail.","md",[73,74],{"q":30,"a":33},{"q":49,"a":52},"How do I choose which statistical test to use?","answer",{},true,5,[81,84],{"label":82,"to":83},"Comparative analysis as a workflow","\u002Fdocs\u002Fresearch-workflows\u002Fcomparative-analysis",{"label":85,"to":86},"Hypothesis generation and testing","\u002Fdocs\u002Fresearch-workflows\u002Fhypothesis-generation-and-testing","\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-methods\u002Fchoose-a-statistical-test","how do i choose which statistical test to use",null,[91,92],"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fwrite-a-methodology-chapter","\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-data\u002Fwhat-preregistration-is",{"title":5,"description":70},[95,99,102],{"label":96,"url":97,"checked":98},"Mishra et al., Selection of appropriate statistical methods for data analysis, Annals of Cardiac Anaesthesia (2019)","https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.4103\u002Faca.ACA_248_18","2026-08-06",{"label":100,"url":101,"checked":98},"Kass et al., Ten Simple Rules for Effective Statistical Practice, PLoS Computational Biology (2016)","https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1371\u002Fjournal.pcbi.1004961",{"label":103,"url":104,"checked":98},"Zitomer et al., Ten simple rules for getting started with statistics in graduate school, PLoS Computational Biology (2022)","https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1371\u002Fjournal.pcbi.1010033","answers\u002Fresearch-methods\u002Fchoose-a-statistical-test","5bL9xVjPncN_9BqMV0_PM43dzLEJLxvWKhunRUWBM0s",[108,113,117,122,126,127,132,137],{"path":109,"heading":110,"description":111,"order":112},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-methods\u002Fhow-to-do-thematic-analysis","How do I do thematic analysis step by step?","The steps of thematic analysis in order, the difference between a code and a theme, and how to tell whether a theme came from the data or from your expectations.",1,{"path":114,"heading":115,"description":116,"order":67},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-methods\u002Fhow-many-interviews-is-enough","How many interviews are enough for a qualitative study?","How many interviews a qualitative study actually needs, how to tell when saturation has been reached, and how to justify the number to reviewers and examiners.",{"path":118,"heading":119,"description":120,"order":121},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-methods\u002Finductive-or-deductive-coding","What is the difference between inductive and deductive thematic analysis?","The difference between inductive and deductive thematic analysis, whether the two can be combined in one study, and how to report which approach you used.",3,{"path":123,"heading":124,"description":125,"order":64},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-methods\u002Frigour-in-qualitative-research","How do I show rigour in qualitative research?","What rigour means in qualitative work, whether inter-rater reliability is needed, and what reflexivity looks like in practice rather than as a stated intention.",{"path":87,"heading":75,"description":70,"order":79},{"path":128,"heading":129,"description":130,"order":131},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-methods\u002Fwork-out-your-sample-size","How do I calculate the sample size for a study?","How to calculate the sample size for a quantitative study, what a power analysis is actually doing, and what to do when the number you need is out of reach.",6,{"path":133,"heading":134,"description":135,"order":136},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-methods\u002Fwhat-a-p-value-means","What does a p value actually mean?","What a p value does and does not tell you, how to interpret a non-significant result, and why effect sizes and intervals usually belong alongside it.",7,{"path":138,"heading":139,"description":140,"order":141},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-methods\u002Fintegrate-mixed-methods-data","How do I integrate qualitative and quantitative data in a mixed methods study?","How to genuinely integrate qualitative and quantitative strands rather than reporting them separately, the standard designs, and where integration is written up.",8,[143,146,149,152,155,158,161,163,166,169,172,175,178,181,184,187,190,193,196,199,202,205,208,211,214,217,220,223,226,229,232,235,238,241,244,247,250,253,256,259,262,265,268,271,274,277,280,283,286,289,292,295,298,301,304,307,310,313,316,319,322,325,328,331,334,337,340,343,346,349,352,355,358,361,364,367,370,373,376,379,382,385,387,390,393,396,399,402,405,408,411,414,417,418,419,420,421,422,423,424],{"path":144,"heading":145},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fdraft-without-stopping-for-citations","How do I draft when I keep stopping to look up citations?",{"path":147,"heading":148},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fhow-long-should-a-literature-review-chapter-be","How long should a literature review chapter be?",{"path":150,"heading":151},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fparaphrase-without-plagiarizing","How do I paraphrase a source without plagiarizing?",{"path":153,"heading":154},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fstructure-a-phd-thesis","How do I structure a PhD thesis chapter by chapter?",{"path":156,"heading":157},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fthesis-by-publication-or-monograph","Should I do a thesis by publication or a monograph?",{"path":159,"heading":160},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fwrite-a-discussion-section","How do I write a discussion section without repeating the results?",{"path":91,"heading":162},"How do I write a methodology chapter?",{"path":164,"heading":165},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fwrite-a-thesis-introduction","How do I write a thesis introduction?",{"path":167,"heading":168},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fwrite-an-abstract","How do I write an abstract for a research paper?",{"path":170,"heading":171},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fwrite-consistently-during-a-phd","How do I write consistently during a PhD?",{"path":173,"heading":174},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fai-for-systematic-review-screening","Can I use AI for screening in a systematic review?",{"path":176,"heading":177},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fare-ai-detectors-reliable","Are AI detectors reliable?",{"path":179,"heading":180},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fcan-an-ai-be-an-author","Can an AI tool be listed as an author on a paper?",{"path":182,"heading":183},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fcan-i-use-ai-for-a-literature-review","Can I use AI for a literature review?",{"path":185,"heading":186},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fcan-you-trust-an-ai-summary","Can I trust AI summaries of research papers?",{"path":188,"heading":189},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fdisclose-ai-use-in-a-paper","Do I need to disclose AI use in a research paper?",{"path":191,"heading":192},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fhow-to-cite-chatgpt","How do I cite ChatGPT in APA 7?",{"path":194,"heading":195},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fis-using-chatgpt-plagiarism","Is using ChatGPT for academic writing plagiarism?",{"path":197,"heading":198},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fusing-ai-in-a-phd-thesis","Can I use AI in a PhD thesis?",{"path":200,"heading":201},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fusing-ai-to-write-a-peer-review","Can I use AI to help write a peer review?",{"path":203,"heading":204},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fverify-ai-generated-citations","How do I check whether AI-generated citations are real?",{"path":206,"heading":207},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fwhy-ai-answers-better-on-your-own-pdfs","Why does an AI answer better when it reads my own PDFs?",{"path":209,"heading":210},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fwhy-chatgpt-invents-references","Why does ChatGPT make up references?",{"path":212,"heading":213},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fcheck-every-claim-against-its-citation","How do I check that every claim in my thesis is supported by its citation?",{"path":215,"heading":216},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fcite-the-paper-you-read-or-the-original","Should I cite the paper I read or the original study it references?",{"path":218,"heading":219},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fcited-source-does-not-say-that","What do I do when a paper's cited source does not support its claim?",{"path":221,"heading":222},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fciting-a-paper-you-cannot-access","Can I cite a paper I cannot get hold of?",{"path":224,"heading":225},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fciting-a-review-instead-of-the-original","Is citing a review instead of the original research bad practice?",{"path":227,"heading":228},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fdo-i-need-to-cite-everything","Do I need to cite absolutely everything in a thesis?",{"path":230,"heading":231},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fhow-much-self-citation","How much self-citation is acceptable?",{"path":233,"heading":234},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fjournal-page-number-or-pdf-page-number","Do I use the journal page number or the PDF page number in a citation?",{"path":236,"heading":237},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fquoting-a-source-in-another-language","How do I quote a source in another language in an English thesis?",{"path":239,"heading":240},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fwhere-does-the-citation-go","Where should a citation go when only one clause in a sentence needs support?",{"path":242,"heading":243},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fyou-described-a-result-too-broadly","How do I fix a sentence that describes a study's result too broadly?",{"path":245,"heading":246},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fzotero-or-mendeley","Should I use Zotero or Mendeley for a PhD?",{"path":248,"heading":249},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fbuild-a-synthesis-matrix","How do I build a synthesis matrix when my themes keep changing as I read?",{"path":251,"heading":252},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fkeep-a-literature-review-current","How do I keep a literature review current over a multi-year PhD?",{"path":254,"heading":255},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fliterature-review-synthesis-or-summary","How do I know if my literature review is synthesis or just a summary?",{"path":257,"heading":258},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fliterature-review-too-descriptive","What does it mean when a supervisor says a literature review is too descriptive?",{"path":260,"heading":261},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fnarrative-scoping-or-systematic-review","What is the difference between a narrative literature review and a systematic review?",{"path":263,"heading":264},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Forganize-literature-review-by-argument","How do I organize a literature review by argument instead of by paper?",{"path":266,"heading":267},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Freview-that-leads-to-your-question","How do I write a literature review that leads logically to my research question?",{"path":269,"heading":270},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fscreening-abstracts-for-a-review","How do I screen hundreds of abstracts for a systematic review?",{"path":272,"heading":273},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fstudies-with-opposite-conclusions","What do I write when two studies on the same question reach opposite conclusions?",{"path":275,"heading":276},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fsynthesis-matrix-into-paragraphs","How do I turn a synthesis matrix into literature review paragraphs?",{"path":278,"heading":279},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fsystematic-review-search-strategy","How do I build a search strategy for a systematic review?",{"path":281,"heading":282},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fwhen-to-stop-searching-for-papers","How do I know when to stop searching for papers for a literature review?",{"path":284,"heading":285},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fphd-life\u002Fdefend-your-methodology-in-a-viva","How do I defend my methodology in a viva?",{"path":287,"heading":288},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fphd-life\u002Fimposter-syndrome-in-a-phd","How do I deal with imposter syndrome during a PhD?",{"path":290,"heading":291},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fphd-life\u002Fplan-a-realistic-phd-timeline","How do I plan a realistic PhD timeline?",{"path":293,"heading":294},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fphd-life\u002Fpostdoc-or-industry","Should I do a postdoc or go to industry after my PhD?",{"path":296,"heading":297},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fphd-life\u002Fprepare-for-a-phd-viva","How do I prepare for a PhD viva?",{"path":299,"heading":300},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fphd-life\u002Fstop-procrastinating-on-your-phd","How do I stop procrastinating on my PhD?",{"path":302,"heading":303},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fphd-life\u002Fwhat-happens-if-a-viva-goes-badly","What happens if you fail a PhD viva?",{"path":305,"heading":306},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fphd-life\u002Fwhen-your-supervisor-is-not-supportive","What do I do when my PhD supervisor is not supportive?",{"path":308,"heading":309},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fphd-life\u002Fwrite-an-academic-cv","How do I write an academic CV for a postdoc application?",{"path":311,"heading":312},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Fchoose-a-journal","How do I choose a journal for my paper?",{"path":314,"heading":315},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Fdo-you-pay-to-publish-open-access","Do I have to pay to publish open access?",{"path":317,"heading":318},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Fhow-author-order-is-decided","How is author order decided on a paper?",{"path":320,"heading":321},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Fhow-peer-review-works","How does journal peer review actually work?",{"path":323,"heading":324},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Fhow-to-cite-a-preprint","How do I cite a preprint?",{"path":326,"heading":327},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Fjournal-submission-cover-letter","How do I write a cover letter for a journal submission?",{"path":329,"heading":330},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Frespond-to-reviewer-comments","How do I respond to peer reviewer comments?",{"path":332,"heading":333},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Fshould-you-post-a-preprint","Should I post my paper as a preprint?",{"path":335,"heading":336},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Fspot-a-predatory-journal","How do I tell if a journal is predatory?",{"path":338,"heading":339},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Fwhy-papers-get-desk-rejected","Why was my paper desk rejected?",{"path":341,"heading":342},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Ffind-the-paper-you-half-remember","How do I find a paper when I only remember the argument it made?",{"path":344,"heading":345},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Fhighlighting-pdfs-stops-working","Why can I never find my PDF highlights again?",{"path":347,"heading":348},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Fhow-many-papers-can-you-read-a-day","How many papers can a PhD student realistically read in a day?",{"path":350,"heading":351},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Fkeep-up-with-new-papers","How do I keep up with new papers without reading everything?",{"path":353,"heading":354},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Fnon-english-studies-in-a-review","How do I include non-English studies in a literature review?",{"path":356,"heading":357},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Fnote-system-takes-too-long","What do I do when my note-taking system takes longer than reading the papers?",{"path":359,"heading":360},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Forganize-100-papers","How do I organize and extract information from more than 100 papers?",{"path":362,"heading":363},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Freading-papers-in-a-second-language","How do I read research papers efficiently when English is my second language?",{"path":365,"heading":366},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Fremember-what-a-paper-said","How do I remember what was in papers I read months ago?",{"path":368,"heading":369},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Frestart-a-project-after-months-away","How do I get back into a research project after months away?",{"path":371,"heading":372},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Ftrack-connections-between-papers","How do I keep track of connections between papers?",{"path":374,"heading":375},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Ftriage-pdfs-before-reading","How do I triage 200 PDFs before deciding which ones to read in full?",{"path":377,"heading":378},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-data\u002Fanonymize-qualitative-data","How do I anonymize qualitative interview data?",{"path":380,"heading":381},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-data\u002Ffair-data-principles-in-practice","What are the FAIR data principles?",{"path":383,"heading":384},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-data\u002Forganize-research-data-files","How do I organize research data files?",{"path":92,"heading":386},"What is preregistration in research?",{"path":388,"heading":389},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-data\u002Fwrite-a-data-management-plan","How do I write a data management plan?",{"path":391,"heading":392},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-gaps\u002Fchoose-a-theoretical-framework","How do I choose a theoretical framework for my thesis?",{"path":394,"heading":395},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-gaps\u002Ffind-a-research-gap","How do I identify a research gap in the literature?",{"path":397,"heading":398},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-gaps\u002Fis-my-research-gap-original","How do I know if my research gap is original?",{"path":400,"heading":401},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-gaps\u002Fnarrow-a-broad-research-question","How do I narrow down a research question that is too broad?",{"path":403,"heading":404},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-gaps\u002Fresearch-question-changed-mid-phd","Can a research question change during a PhD?",{"path":406,"heading":407},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-gaps\u002Fresearch-question-or-hypothesis","What is the difference between a research question and a hypothesis?",{"path":409,"heading":410},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-gaps\u002Fturn-a-topic-into-a-research-question","How do I turn a research topic into a research question?",{"path":412,"heading":413},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-gaps\u002Fwhat-makes-a-good-research-question","What makes a good research question in a PhD thesis?",{"path":415,"heading":416},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-gaps\u002Fwrite-a-research-gap-statement","How do I write a research gap statement?",{"path":87,"heading":75},{"path":114,"heading":115},{"path":109,"heading":110},{"path":118,"heading":119},{"path":138,"heading":139},{"path":123,"heading":124},{"path":133,"heading":134},{"path":128,"heading":129},1786014769311]