[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":416},["ShallowReactive",2],{"answers-\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-data\u002Fwhat-preregistration-is":3,"answers-cluster-research-data":106,"answers-related-\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-data\u002Fwhat-preregistration-is":127},{"id":4,"title":5,"answer":6,"body":7,"cluster":69,"description":70,"extension":71,"faq":72,"heading":75,"intro":63,"kind":76,"meta":77,"navigation":78,"order":64,"outbound":79,"path":86,"primaryQuery":87,"product":88,"related":89,"seo":92,"sources":93,"stem":104,"updated":97,"__hash__":105},"answers\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-data\u002Fwhat-preregistration-is.md","What Preregistration Is and When It Helps","Publishing your hypotheses, design, and analysis plan in a timestamped public record before you collect or look at the data. It makes the distinction between what you predicted and what you found afterwards verifiable by someone else, rather than something a reader has to take on trust.",{"type":8,"value":9,"toc":62},"minimark",[10,14,17,20,23,26,29,34,37,40,43,47,50,53,56,59],[11,12,13],"p",{},"The problem preregistration solves is that a hypothesis written after seeing the data is indistinguishable, on the page, from one written before. Both appear in the introduction, both are followed by a test, and a reader has no way to tell which came first. Where that distinction matters, and it matters whenever a p value is being interpreted, a timestamp is the only evidence available.",[11,15,16],{},"Registering is less onerous than it sounds. You state the question, the hypotheses, the design, the sample size and how you decided it, the variables, the analysis you will run, and the criteria for excluding data. Most of that you have to decide anyway before collecting, and writing it down usually improves the design because vagueness becomes visible.",[11,18,19],{},"The level of detail that makes a registration useful is higher than most first drafts reach. Henderson and Chambers set the bar at enough detail for an independent researcher to repeat the study without asking you for clarification, which includes the order in which you will apply exclusion criteria, the exclusions themselves, and what you will not do, such as stopping after two unsuccessful attempts to contact a study author (Henderson and Chambers, 2022, p. 6). The target is removing undisclosed procedural and analytical flexibility, not removing all changes.",[11,21,22],{},"The benefit people notice first is not credibility but clarity. Committing to an analysis plan forces you to work out what you will do with the data before the data can influence the decision, which prevents the situation where three plausible analyses give three different answers and you have no principled way to choose.",[11,24,25],{},"The main cost is that a preregistration can be wrong. Your planned analysis may turn out to be inappropriate once you see the data's actual properties. That is allowed. You report the deviation, explain it, and report both the planned and the revised analysis where possible.",[11,27,28],{},"A registration also does not make a result trustworthy by itself. Yamada argues that registration can be cracked and strategically misused, so a registered finding should not get automatic credit, and recommends several preregistered replications instead. Yamada ties the concern to the 2012 report by John and colleagues that more than 30% of psychological researchers admitted involvement in questionable research practices (Yamada, 2018, pp. 1-2). Ioannidis qualifies the scope differently. Upfront registration applies most cleanly to randomized trials, while hypothesis-generating research may need more flexible registration or networks that link data collections and investigators, and the worked examples put the positive predictive value of an adequately powered randomized controlled trial with little bias at 0.85, against 0.20 for an adequately powered exploratory epidemiological study and 0.0010 for discovery-oriented research with massive testing under substantial bias (Ioannidis, 2005, pp. 698-701). Registration tells a reader which analyses were planned. It does not repair low power, biased measurement, or selective outcome reporting.",[30,31,33],"h2",{"id":32},"does-preregistration-stop-me-exploring-the-data","Does preregistration stop me exploring the data?",[11,35,36],{},"No. It separates confirmatory from exploratory analysis rather than banning the second. Report the preregistered analyses as planned, then report exploratory findings clearly labelled as exploratory. That labelling is the whole point, and it makes exploratory work more credible rather than less.",[11,38,39],{},"Exploratory analysis is how most interesting findings appear, and nobody serious argues against it. What preregistration prevents is exploratory findings being presented as though they had been predicted, which is where the inferential damage happens.",[11,41,42],{},"A useful habit even without a formal registration: date and save your analysis plan before you look at the data, and keep it. It is weaker evidence than a public registry entry and much better than nothing.",[30,44,46],{"id":45},"what-is-a-registered-report","What is a registered report?",[11,48,49],{},"A publication format where the introduction and methods are peer reviewed before data collection, and acceptance in principle is granted regardless of how the results turn out. It removes the incentive to find a significant result, and it means reviewer feedback arrives while the design can still change.",[11,51,52],{},"The two stages divide the work in a specific way. Stage 1 carries the introduction, the hypotheses where relevant, detailed methods, and analysis plans, and acceptance in principle commits the journal to publishing the completed study whether the results are positive or negative, provided you follow the approved plan. Stage 2 adds the results and discussion, and review at that point asks whether you complied with Stage 1 and whether the conclusions fit the results (Henderson and Chambers, 2022, p. 1). That results-agnostic decision is aimed at publication and reporting bias, and it is not a promise that every preregistered study gets published.",[11,54,55],{},"Most of the feasibility planning has to happen before you submit Stage 1. Pilot data are not required, but Henderson and Chambers point out that piloting often reveals exclusion criteria you had not anticipated and lets you write the analysis code in advance, while warning that pilot data are usually a poor basis for a power calculation because they introduce bias. They also ask you to disclose any work completed before Stage 1 submission, and after acceptance to preregister the approved report with its materials, analyses, code, and any pilot data or simulations, either publicly or under embargo (Henderson and Chambers, 2022, pp. 3, 9).",[11,57,58],{},"For a doctoral student this format has a specific advantage: acceptance in principle before the study runs removes the risk of spending a year on work that turns out to be unpublishable because the effect was null.",[11,60,61],{},"The cost is time at the front. Review of the stage one submission takes months, which has to be planned into the schedule. Where the timeline allows it, it is one of the better deals available in publishing.",{"title":63,"searchDepth":64,"depth":64,"links":65},"",4,[66,68],{"id":32,"depth":67,"text":33},2,{"id":45,"depth":67,"text":46},"research-data","What preregistration involves, whether it stops you exploring your data, and how a registered report differs from an ordinary preregistered study.","md",[73,74],{"q":33,"a":36},{"q":46,"a":49},"What is preregistration in research?","answer",{},true,[80,83],{"label":81,"to":82},"Hypothesis generation and testing","\u002Fdocs\u002Fresearch-workflows\u002Fhypothesis-generation-and-testing",{"label":84,"to":85},"Corpus filters and reproducible retrieval","\u002Fdocs\u002Fcore-concepts\u002Frag-and-retrieval","\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-data\u002Fwhat-preregistration-is","what is preregistration and should i do it",null,[90,91],"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-methods\u002Fwhat-a-p-value-means","\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-methods\u002Frigour-in-qualitative-research",{"title":5,"description":70},[94,98,101],{"label":95,"url":96,"checked":97},"Yamada, How to Crack Pre-registration: Toward Transparent and Open Science, Frontiers in Psychology (2018)","https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.3389\u002Ffpsyg.2018.01831","2026-08-06",{"label":99,"url":100,"checked":97},"Henderson and Chambers, Ten simple rules for writing a Registered Report, PLoS Computational Biology (2022)","https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1371\u002Fjournal.pcbi.1010571",{"label":102,"url":103,"checked":97},"Ioannidis, Why most published research findings are false, PLoS Medicine (2005)","https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1371\u002Fjournal.pmed.0020124","answers\u002Fresearch-data\u002Fwhat-preregistration-is","E0M1UzlJ41udld-rm9JlqfOuB0GtOwIY7aF6CDVr3bY",[107,112,116,121,122],{"path":108,"heading":109,"description":110,"order":111},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-data\u002Fwrite-a-data-management-plan","How do I write a data management plan?","What a data management plan has to cover, what funders actually check when they read one, and how long the document needs to be to satisfy a review panel.",1,{"path":113,"heading":114,"description":115,"order":67},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-data\u002Ffair-data-principles-in-practice","What are the FAIR data principles?","What FAIR data actually requires beyond the acronym, what making data FAIR involves in day-to-day practice, and why FAIR does not mean open.",{"path":117,"heading":118,"description":119,"order":120},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-data\u002Forganize-research-data-files","How do I organize research data files?","How to organize research data files so the structure still works in year three, what makes a good file naming convention, and how to version files without chaos.",3,{"path":86,"heading":75,"description":70,"order":64},{"path":123,"heading":124,"description":125,"order":126},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-data\u002Fanonymize-qualitative-data","How do I anonymize qualitative interview data?","How to anonymize interview transcripts properly, the difference between anonymization and pseudonymization, and whether anonymized transcripts can be shared.",5,[128,131,134,137,140,143,146,149,152,155,158,161,164,167,170,173,176,179,182,185,188,191,194,197,200,203,206,209,212,215,218,221,224,227,230,233,236,239,242,245,248,251,254,257,260,263,266,269,272,275,278,281,284,287,290,293,296,299,302,305,308,311,314,317,320,323,326,329,332,335,338,341,344,347,350,353,356,359,362,363,364,365,366,367,370,373,376,379,382,385,388,391,394,397,400,403,406,409,411,413],{"path":129,"heading":130},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fdraft-without-stopping-for-citations","How do I draft when I keep stopping to look up citations?",{"path":132,"heading":133},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fhow-long-should-a-literature-review-chapter-be","How long should a literature review chapter be?",{"path":135,"heading":136},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fparaphrase-without-plagiarizing","How do I paraphrase a source without plagiarizing?",{"path":138,"heading":139},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fstructure-a-phd-thesis","How do I structure a PhD thesis chapter by chapter?",{"path":141,"heading":142},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fthesis-by-publication-or-monograph","Should I do a thesis by publication or a monograph?",{"path":144,"heading":145},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fwrite-a-discussion-section","How do I write a discussion section without repeating the results?",{"path":147,"heading":148},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fwrite-a-methodology-chapter","How do I write a methodology chapter?",{"path":150,"heading":151},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fwrite-a-thesis-introduction","How do I write a thesis introduction?",{"path":153,"heading":154},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fwrite-an-abstract","How do I write an abstract for a research paper?",{"path":156,"heading":157},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fwrite-consistently-during-a-phd","How do I write consistently during a PhD?",{"path":159,"heading":160},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fai-for-systematic-review-screening","Can I use AI for screening in a systematic review?",{"path":162,"heading":163},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fare-ai-detectors-reliable","Are AI detectors reliable?",{"path":165,"heading":166},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fcan-an-ai-be-an-author","Can an AI tool be listed as an author on a paper?",{"path":168,"heading":169},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fcan-i-use-ai-for-a-literature-review","Can I use AI for a literature review?",{"path":171,"heading":172},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fcan-you-trust-an-ai-summary","Can I trust AI summaries of research papers?",{"path":174,"heading":175},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fdisclose-ai-use-in-a-paper","Do I need to disclose AI use in a research paper?",{"path":177,"heading":178},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fhow-to-cite-chatgpt","How do I cite ChatGPT in APA 7?",{"path":180,"heading":181},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fis-using-chatgpt-plagiarism","Is using ChatGPT for academic writing plagiarism?",{"path":183,"heading":184},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fusing-ai-in-a-phd-thesis","Can I use AI in a PhD thesis?",{"path":186,"heading":187},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fusing-ai-to-write-a-peer-review","Can I use AI to help write a peer review?",{"path":189,"heading":190},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fverify-ai-generated-citations","How do I check whether AI-generated citations are real?",{"path":192,"heading":193},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fwhy-ai-answers-better-on-your-own-pdfs","Why does an AI answer better when it reads my own PDFs?",{"path":195,"heading":196},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fwhy-chatgpt-invents-references","Why does ChatGPT make up references?",{"path":198,"heading":199},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fcheck-every-claim-against-its-citation","How do I check that every claim in my thesis is supported by its citation?",{"path":201,"heading":202},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fcite-the-paper-you-read-or-the-original","Should I cite the paper I read or the original study it references?",{"path":204,"heading":205},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fcited-source-does-not-say-that","What do I do when a paper's cited source does not support its claim?",{"path":207,"heading":208},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fciting-a-paper-you-cannot-access","Can I cite a paper I cannot get hold of?",{"path":210,"heading":211},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fciting-a-review-instead-of-the-original","Is citing a review instead of the original research bad practice?",{"path":213,"heading":214},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fdo-i-need-to-cite-everything","Do I need to cite absolutely everything in a thesis?",{"path":216,"heading":217},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fhow-much-self-citation","How much self-citation is acceptable?",{"path":219,"heading":220},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fjournal-page-number-or-pdf-page-number","Do I use the journal page number or the PDF page number in a citation?",{"path":222,"heading":223},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fquoting-a-source-in-another-language","How do I quote a source in another language in an English thesis?",{"path":225,"heading":226},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fwhere-does-the-citation-go","Where should a citation go when only one clause in a sentence needs support?",{"path":228,"heading":229},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fyou-described-a-result-too-broadly","How do I fix a sentence that describes a study's result too broadly?",{"path":231,"heading":232},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fzotero-or-mendeley","Should I use Zotero or Mendeley for a PhD?",{"path":234,"heading":235},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fbuild-a-synthesis-matrix","How do I build a synthesis matrix when my themes keep changing as I read?",{"path":237,"heading":238},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fkeep-a-literature-review-current","How do I keep a literature review current over a multi-year PhD?",{"path":240,"heading":241},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fliterature-review-synthesis-or-summary","How do I know if my literature review is synthesis or just a summary?",{"path":243,"heading":244},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fliterature-review-too-descriptive","What does it mean when a supervisor says a literature review is too descriptive?",{"path":246,"heading":247},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fnarrative-scoping-or-systematic-review","What is the difference between a narrative literature review and a systematic review?",{"path":249,"heading":250},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Forganize-literature-review-by-argument","How do I organize a literature review by argument instead of by paper?",{"path":252,"heading":253},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Freview-that-leads-to-your-question","How do I write a literature review that leads logically to my research question?",{"path":255,"heading":256},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fscreening-abstracts-for-a-review","How do I screen hundreds of abstracts for a systematic review?",{"path":258,"heading":259},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fstudies-with-opposite-conclusions","What do I write when two studies on the same question reach opposite conclusions?",{"path":261,"heading":262},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fsynthesis-matrix-into-paragraphs","How do I turn a synthesis matrix into literature review paragraphs?",{"path":264,"heading":265},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fsystematic-review-search-strategy","How do I build a search strategy for a systematic review?",{"path":267,"heading":268},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fwhen-to-stop-searching-for-papers","How do I know when to stop searching for papers for a literature review?",{"path":270,"heading":271},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fphd-life\u002Fdefend-your-methodology-in-a-viva","How do I defend my methodology in a viva?",{"path":273,"heading":274},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fphd-life\u002Fimposter-syndrome-in-a-phd","How do I deal with imposter syndrome during a PhD?",{"path":276,"heading":277},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fphd-life\u002Fplan-a-realistic-phd-timeline","How do I plan a realistic PhD timeline?",{"path":279,"heading":280},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fphd-life\u002Fpostdoc-or-industry","Should I do a postdoc or go to industry after my PhD?",{"path":282,"heading":283},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fphd-life\u002Fprepare-for-a-phd-viva","How do I prepare for a PhD viva?",{"path":285,"heading":286},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fphd-life\u002Fstop-procrastinating-on-your-phd","How do I stop procrastinating on my PhD?",{"path":288,"heading":289},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fphd-life\u002Fwhat-happens-if-a-viva-goes-badly","What happens if you fail a PhD viva?",{"path":291,"heading":292},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fphd-life\u002Fwhen-your-supervisor-is-not-supportive","What do I do when my PhD supervisor is not supportive?",{"path":294,"heading":295},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fphd-life\u002Fwrite-an-academic-cv","How do I write an academic CV for a postdoc application?",{"path":297,"heading":298},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Fchoose-a-journal","How do I choose a journal for my paper?",{"path":300,"heading":301},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Fdo-you-pay-to-publish-open-access","Do I have to pay to publish open access?",{"path":303,"heading":304},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Fhow-author-order-is-decided","How is author order decided on a paper?",{"path":306,"heading":307},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Fhow-peer-review-works","How does journal peer review actually work?",{"path":309,"heading":310},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Fhow-to-cite-a-preprint","How do I cite a preprint?",{"path":312,"heading":313},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Fjournal-submission-cover-letter","How do I write a cover letter for a journal submission?",{"path":315,"heading":316},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Frespond-to-reviewer-comments","How do I respond to peer reviewer comments?",{"path":318,"heading":319},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Fshould-you-post-a-preprint","Should I post my paper as a preprint?",{"path":321,"heading":322},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Fspot-a-predatory-journal","How do I tell if a journal is predatory?",{"path":324,"heading":325},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Fwhy-papers-get-desk-rejected","Why was my paper desk rejected?",{"path":327,"heading":328},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Ffind-the-paper-you-half-remember","How do I find a paper when I only remember the argument it made?",{"path":330,"heading":331},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Fhighlighting-pdfs-stops-working","Why can I never find my PDF highlights again?",{"path":333,"heading":334},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Fhow-many-papers-can-you-read-a-day","How many papers can a PhD student realistically read in a day?",{"path":336,"heading":337},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Fkeep-up-with-new-papers","How do I keep up with new papers without reading everything?",{"path":339,"heading":340},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Fnon-english-studies-in-a-review","How do I include non-English studies in a literature review?",{"path":342,"heading":343},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Fnote-system-takes-too-long","What do I do when my note-taking system takes longer than reading the papers?",{"path":345,"heading":346},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Forganize-100-papers","How do I organize and extract information from more than 100 papers?",{"path":348,"heading":349},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Freading-papers-in-a-second-language","How do I read research papers efficiently when English is my second language?",{"path":351,"heading":352},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Fremember-what-a-paper-said","How do I remember what was in papers I read months ago?",{"path":354,"heading":355},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Frestart-a-project-after-months-away","How do I get back into a research project after months away?",{"path":357,"heading":358},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Ftrack-connections-between-papers","How do I keep track of connections between papers?",{"path":360,"heading":361},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Ftriage-pdfs-before-reading","How do I triage 200 PDFs before deciding which ones to read in full?",{"path":123,"heading":124},{"path":113,"heading":114},{"path":117,"heading":118},{"path":86,"heading":75},{"path":108,"heading":109},{"path":368,"heading":369},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-gaps\u002Fchoose-a-theoretical-framework","How do I choose a theoretical framework for my thesis?",{"path":371,"heading":372},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-gaps\u002Ffind-a-research-gap","How do I identify a research gap in the literature?",{"path":374,"heading":375},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-gaps\u002Fis-my-research-gap-original","How do I know if my research gap is original?",{"path":377,"heading":378},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-gaps\u002Fnarrow-a-broad-research-question","How do I narrow down a research question that is too broad?",{"path":380,"heading":381},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-gaps\u002Fresearch-question-changed-mid-phd","Can a research question change during a PhD?",{"path":383,"heading":384},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-gaps\u002Fresearch-question-or-hypothesis","What is the difference between a research question and a hypothesis?",{"path":386,"heading":387},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-gaps\u002Fturn-a-topic-into-a-research-question","How do I turn a research topic into a research question?",{"path":389,"heading":390},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-gaps\u002Fwhat-makes-a-good-research-question","What makes a good research question in a PhD thesis?",{"path":392,"heading":393},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-gaps\u002Fwrite-a-research-gap-statement","How do I write a research gap statement?",{"path":395,"heading":396},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-methods\u002Fchoose-a-statistical-test","How do I choose which statistical test to use?",{"path":398,"heading":399},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-methods\u002Fhow-many-interviews-is-enough","How many interviews are enough for a qualitative study?",{"path":401,"heading":402},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-methods\u002Fhow-to-do-thematic-analysis","How do I do thematic analysis step by step?",{"path":404,"heading":405},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-methods\u002Finductive-or-deductive-coding","What is the difference between inductive and deductive thematic analysis?",{"path":407,"heading":408},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-methods\u002Fintegrate-mixed-methods-data","How do I integrate qualitative and quantitative data in a mixed methods study?",{"path":91,"heading":410},"How do I show rigour in qualitative research?",{"path":90,"heading":412},"What does a p value actually mean?",{"path":414,"heading":415},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-methods\u002Fwork-out-your-sample-size","How do I calculate the sample size for a study?",1786014769672]