[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":416},["ShallowReactive",2],{"answers-\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-data\u002Forganize-research-data-files":3,"answers-cluster-research-data":107,"answers-related-\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-data\u002Forganize-research-data-files":127},{"id":4,"title":5,"answer":6,"body":7,"cluster":69,"description":70,"extension":71,"faq":72,"heading":75,"intro":63,"kind":76,"meta":77,"navigation":78,"order":79,"outbound":80,"path":87,"primaryQuery":88,"product":89,"related":90,"seo":93,"sources":94,"stem":105,"updated":98,"__hash__":106},"answers\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-data\u002Forganize-research-data-files.md","File Naming and Folders for Research Data","Separate raw from processed and never edit raw data in place. A structure of raw, processed, scripts, outputs, and documentation, decided before collection starts, survives a project better than any scheme invented halfway through when the folder is already unmanageable.",{"type":8,"value":9,"toc":62},"minimark",[10,14,17,20,23,26,29,34,37,40,43,46,50,53,56,59],[11,12,13],"p",{},"The rule that saves the most trouble is the separation of raw and processed. Raw data is written once and never modified. Every transformation happens in a script that reads from raw and writes to processed, so the processed files can always be regenerated and the raw files are always the ground truth.",[11,15,16],{},"That single discipline solves several problems at once. It makes the analysis reproducible, since the path from raw to result is recorded in scripts rather than in a sequence of manual edits nobody remembers. It removes the fear of breaking something, because processed files are disposable. And it means an error found in month eighteen can be fixed by correcting a script and rerunning it.",[11,18,19],{},"The folder structure that supports it is simple and worth deciding before collection begins: raw, processed, scripts, outputs, docs. Add subfolders inside those as needed. What matters is that the top level tells anyone opening the project what kind of thing lives where.",[11,21,22],{},"A published example of the same idea splits the project into Admin, Evaluation, Original data, and Reports and manuscripts, with Code and Derived data sitting inside Evaluation and Result data inside Original data (Hassenstein and Jung, 2025, p. 5). The same authors are explicit that this is not a universal standard. They expect you to adapt it to institutional, project, or personal requirements, and they accept that reorganizing old directories is often impractical, so their actual recommendation is to pick one scheme and apply it consistently to new projects (Hassenstein and Jung, 2025, p. 4). Decide the structure at the same time you write the project outline, along with what gets collected, where it lives, who may access it, and what happens to it after the thesis is finished (Michener, 2015, p. 1).",[11,24,25],{},"The documentation folder is the one people leave empty. It should hold a readme explaining the structure, a codebook defining variables, and a log of anything unusual, such as a participant whose data was excluded and why. That log is the thing you will most want and least remember to write.",[11,27,28],{},"A readme has a known minimum content. Put a README in each dataset or major project folder covering what data is included, the original purpose or project it belongs to, who created it, the date or period of creation, and the software or technical particularities needed to open it (Hassenstein and Jung, 2025, p. 6). Add the variable definitions, units, missing-value codes, and transformations next to it, and record which script produced each derived file.",[30,31,33],"h2",{"id":32},"what-is-a-good-file-naming-convention","What is a good file naming convention?",[11,35,36],{},"Date first in ISO form, then project or dataset, then content, then version, joined by underscores or hyphens with no spaces. So 20260806_interviews_transcript_p07_v02.docx. That sorts chronologically by default, it is readable by both people and scripts, and it survives moving between operating systems.",[11,38,39],{},"Avoid spaces, punctuation, and non-ASCII characters. They break scripts, they break on some systems, and they turn into unreadable escapes in file paths.",[11,41,42],{},"Keep names short enough to read and long enough to be unambiguous. If you cannot tell two files apart from their names, the convention is not carrying enough information, and if the name runs to eighty characters it is carrying too much.",[11,44,45],{},"One published pattern puts the elements in a different order and adds the contributor: project or document context, main contributor, version, then date, as in TenR_Man_01_MJH_v01_2025-01-01.docx (Hassenstein and Jung, 2025, p. 5). Either order works as long as you use one of them everywhere, including on your laptop, the institutional network drive, and any shared cloud folder. The same paper notes that this kind of standardization is routinely skipped and that the cost shows up later as failed retrieval and friction in collaboration, and it points at batch-renaming tools for bringing existing files into line (Hassenstein and Jung, 2025, p. 4).",[30,47,49],{"id":48},"how-do-i-version-files-without-chaos","How do I version files without chaos?",[11,51,52],{},"Use version control for code and text, and a strict numbered convention for everything else. Never use final, or final2, or finalrevised. If two people edit the same file, add initials as well as a number, and keep one file that records which version is current.",[11,54,55],{},"Version control is worth the learning cost for anything you write repeatedly, including a thesis. It gives you a full history, it lets you recover a paragraph you deleted three weeks ago, and it is the strongest evidence available that your writing developed over time.",[11,57,58],{},"For binary files that version control handles badly, such as large datasets or images, the numbered convention plus a change log is the practical answer. One line per version, saying what changed and when, kept in the documentation folder.",[11,60,61],{},"Version control is also the standing recommendation for reproducibility, not just for convenience. Track how every result was produced and keep all custom scripts under a version control system such as Subversion, Git, or Mercurial (Sandve et al., 2013, p. 2). If you cannot use one, the stated minimum is to archive dated copies of your scripts often enough that the main stages of development stay recoverable (Sandve et al., 2013, p. 2). For the data itself, keep at least three copies in at least two geographically separate locations, for example your computer, an external drive, and an institutional or commercial off-site service, and test periodically that the files can actually be read back (Michener, 2015, p. 5). Retention is a decision, not a default. It depends on sponsor and institutional rules, the value of the data, and whether the observations could be repeated, so simulation work may only need source code, initial conditions, and verification data, while irreplaceable observations may warrant indefinite preservation (Michener, 2015, pp. 8-9).",{"title":63,"searchDepth":64,"depth":64,"links":65},"",4,[66,68],{"id":32,"depth":67,"text":33},2,{"id":48,"depth":67,"text":49},"research-data","How to organize research data files so the structure still works in year three, what makes a good file naming convention, and how to version files without chaos.","md",[73,74],{"q":33,"a":36},{"q":49,"a":52},"How do I organize research data files?","answer",{},true,3,[81,84],{"label":82,"to":83},"Knowledge bases and what goes in them","\u002Fdocs\u002Fcore-concepts\u002Fknowledge-bases",{"label":85,"to":86},"Version history and provenance","\u002Fdocs\u002Fworking-with-the-agent\u002Fversion-history-and-provenance","\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-data\u002Forganize-research-data-files","how to organize research data files and name them",null,[91,92],"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Forganize-100-papers","\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fzotero-or-mendeley",{"title":5,"description":70},[95,99,102],{"label":96,"url":97,"checked":98},"Hassenstein and Jung, Ten simple rules for effective research data management, PLoS Computational Biology (2025)","https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1371\u002Fjournal.pcbi.1013779","2026-08-06",{"label":100,"url":101,"checked":98},"Sandve et al., Ten simple rules for reproducible computational research, PLoS Computational Biology (2013)","https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1371\u002Fjournal.pcbi.1003285",{"label":103,"url":104,"checked":98},"Michener, Ten Simple Rules for Creating a Good Data Management Plan, PLoS Computational Biology (2015)","https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1371\u002Fjournal.pcbi.1004525","answers\u002Fresearch-data\u002Forganize-research-data-files","S53eXKyAHl52IgjR1uY-4yquyTpa4uMJT4nZKLQuvmQ",[108,113,117,118,122],{"path":109,"heading":110,"description":111,"order":112},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-data\u002Fwrite-a-data-management-plan","How do I write a data management plan?","What a data management plan has to cover, what funders actually check when they read one, and how long the document needs to be to satisfy a review panel.",1,{"path":114,"heading":115,"description":116,"order":67},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-data\u002Ffair-data-principles-in-practice","What are the FAIR data principles?","What FAIR data actually requires beyond the acronym, what making data FAIR involves in day-to-day practice, and why FAIR does not mean open.",{"path":87,"heading":75,"description":70,"order":79},{"path":119,"heading":120,"description":121,"order":64},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-data\u002Fwhat-preregistration-is","What is preregistration in research?","What preregistration involves, whether it stops you exploring your data, and how a registered report differs from an ordinary preregistered study.",{"path":123,"heading":124,"description":125,"order":126},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-data\u002Fanonymize-qualitative-data","How do I anonymize qualitative interview data?","How to anonymize interview transcripts properly, the difference between anonymization and pseudonymization, and whether anonymized transcripts can be shared.",5,[128,131,134,137,140,143,146,149,152,155,158,161,164,167,170,173,176,179,182,185,188,191,194,197,200,203,206,209,212,215,218,221,224,227,230,232,235,238,241,244,247,250,253,256,259,262,265,268,271,274,277,280,283,286,289,292,295,298,301,304,307,310,313,316,319,322,325,328,331,334,337,340,343,345,348,351,354,357,360,361,362,363,364,365,368,371,374,377,380,383,386,389,392,395,398,401,404,407,410,413],{"path":129,"heading":130},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fdraft-without-stopping-for-citations","How do I draft when I keep stopping to look up citations?",{"path":132,"heading":133},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fhow-long-should-a-literature-review-chapter-be","How long should a literature review chapter be?",{"path":135,"heading":136},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fparaphrase-without-plagiarizing","How do I paraphrase a source without plagiarizing?",{"path":138,"heading":139},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fstructure-a-phd-thesis","How do I structure a PhD thesis chapter by chapter?",{"path":141,"heading":142},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fthesis-by-publication-or-monograph","Should I do a thesis by publication or a monograph?",{"path":144,"heading":145},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fwrite-a-discussion-section","How do I write a discussion section without repeating the results?",{"path":147,"heading":148},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fwrite-a-methodology-chapter","How do I write a methodology chapter?",{"path":150,"heading":151},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fwrite-a-thesis-introduction","How do I write a thesis introduction?",{"path":153,"heading":154},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fwrite-an-abstract","How do I write an abstract for a research paper?",{"path":156,"heading":157},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fwrite-consistently-during-a-phd","How do I write consistently during a PhD?",{"path":159,"heading":160},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fai-for-systematic-review-screening","Can I use AI for screening in a systematic review?",{"path":162,"heading":163},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fare-ai-detectors-reliable","Are AI detectors reliable?",{"path":165,"heading":166},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fcan-an-ai-be-an-author","Can an AI tool be listed as an author on a paper?",{"path":168,"heading":169},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fcan-i-use-ai-for-a-literature-review","Can I use AI for a literature review?",{"path":171,"heading":172},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fcan-you-trust-an-ai-summary","Can I trust AI summaries of research papers?",{"path":174,"heading":175},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fdisclose-ai-use-in-a-paper","Do I need to disclose AI use in a research paper?",{"path":177,"heading":178},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fhow-to-cite-chatgpt","How do I cite ChatGPT in APA 7?",{"path":180,"heading":181},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fis-using-chatgpt-plagiarism","Is using ChatGPT for academic writing plagiarism?",{"path":183,"heading":184},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fusing-ai-in-a-phd-thesis","Can I use AI in a PhD thesis?",{"path":186,"heading":187},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fusing-ai-to-write-a-peer-review","Can I use AI to help write a peer review?",{"path":189,"heading":190},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fverify-ai-generated-citations","How do I check whether AI-generated citations are real?",{"path":192,"heading":193},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fwhy-ai-answers-better-on-your-own-pdfs","Why does an AI answer better when it reads my own PDFs?",{"path":195,"heading":196},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fwhy-chatgpt-invents-references","Why does ChatGPT make up references?",{"path":198,"heading":199},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fcheck-every-claim-against-its-citation","How do I check that every claim in my thesis is supported by its citation?",{"path":201,"heading":202},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fcite-the-paper-you-read-or-the-original","Should I cite the paper I read or the original study it references?",{"path":204,"heading":205},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fcited-source-does-not-say-that","What do I do when a paper's cited source does not support its claim?",{"path":207,"heading":208},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fciting-a-paper-you-cannot-access","Can I cite a paper I cannot get hold of?",{"path":210,"heading":211},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fciting-a-review-instead-of-the-original","Is citing a review instead of the original research bad practice?",{"path":213,"heading":214},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fdo-i-need-to-cite-everything","Do I need to cite absolutely everything in a thesis?",{"path":216,"heading":217},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fhow-much-self-citation","How much self-citation is acceptable?",{"path":219,"heading":220},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fjournal-page-number-or-pdf-page-number","Do I use the journal page number or the PDF page number in a citation?",{"path":222,"heading":223},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fquoting-a-source-in-another-language","How do I quote a source in another language in an English thesis?",{"path":225,"heading":226},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fwhere-does-the-citation-go","Where should a citation go when only one clause in a sentence needs support?",{"path":228,"heading":229},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fyou-described-a-result-too-broadly","How do I fix a sentence that describes a study's result too broadly?",{"path":92,"heading":231},"Should I use Zotero or Mendeley for a PhD?",{"path":233,"heading":234},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fbuild-a-synthesis-matrix","How do I build a synthesis matrix when my themes keep changing as I read?",{"path":236,"heading":237},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fkeep-a-literature-review-current","How do I keep a literature review current over a multi-year PhD?",{"path":239,"heading":240},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fliterature-review-synthesis-or-summary","How do I know if my literature review is synthesis or just a summary?",{"path":242,"heading":243},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fliterature-review-too-descriptive","What does it mean when a supervisor says a literature review is too descriptive?",{"path":245,"heading":246},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fnarrative-scoping-or-systematic-review","What is the difference between a narrative literature review and a systematic review?",{"path":248,"heading":249},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Forganize-literature-review-by-argument","How do I organize a literature review by argument instead of by paper?",{"path":251,"heading":252},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Freview-that-leads-to-your-question","How do I write a literature review that leads logically to my research question?",{"path":254,"heading":255},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fscreening-abstracts-for-a-review","How do I screen hundreds of abstracts for a systematic review?",{"path":257,"heading":258},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fstudies-with-opposite-conclusions","What do I write when two studies on the same question reach opposite conclusions?",{"path":260,"heading":261},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fsynthesis-matrix-into-paragraphs","How do I turn a synthesis matrix into literature review paragraphs?",{"path":263,"heading":264},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fsystematic-review-search-strategy","How do I build a search strategy for a systematic review?",{"path":266,"heading":267},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fwhen-to-stop-searching-for-papers","How do I know when to stop searching for papers for a literature review?",{"path":269,"heading":270},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fphd-life\u002Fdefend-your-methodology-in-a-viva","How do I defend my methodology in a viva?",{"path":272,"heading":273},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fphd-life\u002Fimposter-syndrome-in-a-phd","How do I deal with imposter syndrome during a PhD?",{"path":275,"heading":276},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fphd-life\u002Fplan-a-realistic-phd-timeline","How do I plan a realistic PhD timeline?",{"path":278,"heading":279},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fphd-life\u002Fpostdoc-or-industry","Should I do a postdoc or go to industry after my PhD?",{"path":281,"heading":282},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fphd-life\u002Fprepare-for-a-phd-viva","How do I prepare for a PhD viva?",{"path":284,"heading":285},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fphd-life\u002Fstop-procrastinating-on-your-phd","How do I stop procrastinating on my PhD?",{"path":287,"heading":288},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fphd-life\u002Fwhat-happens-if-a-viva-goes-badly","What happens if you fail a PhD viva?",{"path":290,"heading":291},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fphd-life\u002Fwhen-your-supervisor-is-not-supportive","What do I do when my PhD supervisor is not supportive?",{"path":293,"heading":294},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fphd-life\u002Fwrite-an-academic-cv","How do I write an academic CV for a postdoc application?",{"path":296,"heading":297},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Fchoose-a-journal","How do I choose a journal for my paper?",{"path":299,"heading":300},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Fdo-you-pay-to-publish-open-access","Do I have to pay to publish open access?",{"path":302,"heading":303},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Fhow-author-order-is-decided","How is author order decided on a paper?",{"path":305,"heading":306},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Fhow-peer-review-works","How does journal peer review actually work?",{"path":308,"heading":309},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Fhow-to-cite-a-preprint","How do I cite a preprint?",{"path":311,"heading":312},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Fjournal-submission-cover-letter","How do I write a cover letter for a journal submission?",{"path":314,"heading":315},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Frespond-to-reviewer-comments","How do I respond to peer reviewer comments?",{"path":317,"heading":318},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Fshould-you-post-a-preprint","Should I post my paper as a preprint?",{"path":320,"heading":321},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Fspot-a-predatory-journal","How do I tell if a journal is predatory?",{"path":323,"heading":324},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Fwhy-papers-get-desk-rejected","Why was my paper desk rejected?",{"path":326,"heading":327},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Ffind-the-paper-you-half-remember","How do I find a paper when I only remember the argument it made?",{"path":329,"heading":330},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Fhighlighting-pdfs-stops-working","Why can I never find my PDF highlights again?",{"path":332,"heading":333},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Fhow-many-papers-can-you-read-a-day","How many papers can a PhD student realistically read in a day?",{"path":335,"heading":336},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Fkeep-up-with-new-papers","How do I keep up with new papers without reading everything?",{"path":338,"heading":339},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Fnon-english-studies-in-a-review","How do I include non-English studies in a literature review?",{"path":341,"heading":342},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Fnote-system-takes-too-long","What do I do when my note-taking system takes longer than reading the papers?",{"path":91,"heading":344},"How do I organize and extract information from more than 100 papers?",{"path":346,"heading":347},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Freading-papers-in-a-second-language","How do I read research papers efficiently when English is my second language?",{"path":349,"heading":350},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Fremember-what-a-paper-said","How do I remember what was in papers I read months ago?",{"path":352,"heading":353},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Frestart-a-project-after-months-away","How do I get back into a research project after months away?",{"path":355,"heading":356},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Ftrack-connections-between-papers","How do I keep track of connections between papers?",{"path":358,"heading":359},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Ftriage-pdfs-before-reading","How do I triage 200 PDFs before deciding which ones to read in full?",{"path":123,"heading":124},{"path":114,"heading":115},{"path":87,"heading":75},{"path":119,"heading":120},{"path":109,"heading":110},{"path":366,"heading":367},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-gaps\u002Fchoose-a-theoretical-framework","How do I choose a theoretical framework for my thesis?",{"path":369,"heading":370},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-gaps\u002Ffind-a-research-gap","How do I identify a research gap in the literature?",{"path":372,"heading":373},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-gaps\u002Fis-my-research-gap-original","How do I know if my research gap is original?",{"path":375,"heading":376},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-gaps\u002Fnarrow-a-broad-research-question","How do I narrow down a research question that is too broad?",{"path":378,"heading":379},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-gaps\u002Fresearch-question-changed-mid-phd","Can a research question change during a PhD?",{"path":381,"heading":382},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-gaps\u002Fresearch-question-or-hypothesis","What is the difference between a research question and a hypothesis?",{"path":384,"heading":385},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-gaps\u002Fturn-a-topic-into-a-research-question","How do I turn a research topic into a research question?",{"path":387,"heading":388},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-gaps\u002Fwhat-makes-a-good-research-question","What makes a good research question in a PhD thesis?",{"path":390,"heading":391},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-gaps\u002Fwrite-a-research-gap-statement","How do I write a research gap statement?",{"path":393,"heading":394},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-methods\u002Fchoose-a-statistical-test","How do I choose which statistical test to use?",{"path":396,"heading":397},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-methods\u002Fhow-many-interviews-is-enough","How many interviews are enough for a qualitative study?",{"path":399,"heading":400},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-methods\u002Fhow-to-do-thematic-analysis","How do I do thematic analysis step by step?",{"path":402,"heading":403},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-methods\u002Finductive-or-deductive-coding","What is the difference between inductive and deductive thematic analysis?",{"path":405,"heading":406},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-methods\u002Fintegrate-mixed-methods-data","How do I integrate qualitative and quantitative data in a mixed methods study?",{"path":408,"heading":409},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-methods\u002Frigour-in-qualitative-research","How do I show rigour in qualitative research?",{"path":411,"heading":412},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-methods\u002Fwhat-a-p-value-means","What does a p value actually mean?",{"path":414,"heading":415},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-methods\u002Fwork-out-your-sample-size","How do I calculate the sample size for a study?",1786014769665]