[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":445},["ShallowReactive",2],{"answers-\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Freading-papers-in-a-second-language":3,"answers-cluster-reading-and-notes":114,"answers-related-\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Freading-papers-in-a-second-language":169},{"id":4,"title":5,"answer":6,"body":7,"cluster":75,"description":76,"extension":77,"faq":78,"heading":81,"intro":69,"kind":82,"meta":83,"navigation":84,"order":85,"outbound":86,"path":93,"primaryQuery":94,"product":95,"related":98,"seo":100,"sources":101,"stem":112,"updated":105,"__hash__":113},"answers\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Freading-papers-in-a-second-language.md","Reading Papers When English Is Your Second Language","Read for structure before reading for sentences. Academic papers follow a fixed shape, so you can locate the claim, the method, and the result from headings and figures without decoding every clause. Then read closely only the paragraphs that carry what you need.",{"type":8,"value":9,"toc":68},"minimark",[10,14,17,20,23,26,29,32,35,38,43,46,49,52,56,59,62,65],[11,12,13],"p",{},"Most reading advice assumes decoding is free and attention is the constraint. For a second-language reader the reverse is often true, and advice built on that assumption tells you to skim faster when the difficulty is that skimming requires recognizing which sentences matter, which is itself a language skill.",[11,15,16],{},"Structure is the way around it. Empirical papers put the claim at the end of the introduction, the design in the methods, the result in the first paragraph of the results, and the interpretation in the first paragraph of the discussion. Those four locations carry most of what you need, and going to them directly means reading four paragraphs closely instead of forty.",[11,18,19],{},"Decide what you want from the paper before you open it, because the reading order changes with the goal. Carey, Steiner, and Petri make this their first rule: a reader new to research should work through every figure panel, a reader entering a new field should weight the introduction's motivation and the conclusion's next steps, and a reader tracking a technique should go to the methods and the reason the method was chosen (Carey et al., 2020, pp. 1-2). Naming the goal first limits how much unfamiliar English you have to process in one pass.",[11,21,22],{},"The same authors suggest a staged pass instead of one front-to-back reading. Apply six questions about motivation, methods, context, results, interpretation, and next steps to the whole article, then apply them again to each figure, table, or experiment, which they say makes an intimidating paper manageable (Carey et al., 2020, pp. 2-3). Write a one-line answer to each question before you try to resolve every difficult word.",[11,24,25],{},"Figures and tables deserve more weight than they usually get. They are the least language-dependent part of the paper and often the fastest route to what was actually measured and found. Reading the figures first and the prose second is a legitimate strategy in any language.",[11,27,28],{},"Unpacking a figure has a fixed checklist, which is useful when the caption is written in dense English. Check the x- and y-axes, the variables, the colour scheme, the statistical approach, and how the data were collected, go back to the methods when the caption is not enough, and then state the figure's take-home message in your own words (Carey et al., 2020, p. 3).",[11,30,31],{},"Not stopping at every unknown term is what experienced readers actually do. In Hubbard and Dunbar's survey of researchers at one UK institution, 53% of those who gave reading advice named practical strategies such as reading a paper several times, allowing time for it, using selected sections to judge whether the paper is worth reading, and not getting bogged down in technical detail or terminology. Selective reading was the most common theme at 68%, critical reading appeared in 34% of responses, and reading with a specific question in 7% (Hubbard and Dunbar, 2017, p. 11). A workable rule follows from that: look a word up immediately only when it blocks the argument, the method, the result, or a figure, and mark the rest for a second pass.",[11,33,34],{},"Two limits on this evidence are worth stating. Hubbard and Dunbar surveyed 300 people in Biological Sciences at a single research-intensive institution, and they still concluded that PhD students and postdocs need explicit training, critical-reading activities in research groups, and supervisors who say what \"go and read a paper\" means at that career stage (Hubbard and Dunbar, 2017, p. 13). Neither their survey nor Carey and colleagues' rules compare second-language readers with native English readers, so treat the staged passes, the figure checklist, and the selective vocabulary rule as general reading structure that helps you, not as techniques shown to work specifically for L2 readers.",[11,36,37],{},"The last piece is accepting slower close reading without treating it as a deficiency. A paper you will cite deserves careful reading in any language, and taking longer over it is not a sign that you are behind. Speed comes from reading fewer papers closely, not from decoding faster.",[39,40,42],"h2",{"id":41},"should-i-translate-as-i-read-or-read-through-it","Should I translate as I read, or read through it?",[11,44,45],{},"Translate selectively. Machine translation is reliable enough for deciding whether a passage matters and unreliable for technical terms, which often have a fixed meaning in your field that general translation misses. Translate to triage, then read the passages you will cite in the original.",[11,47,48],{},"The specific risk is that a translated technical term looks correct and is not. Words that carry a precise disciplinary meaning get rendered into their everyday equivalent, and a claim built on that translation can be subtly wrong in a way nobody catches until a viva.",[11,50,51],{},"For anything you will quote, work from the original text. For anything you are deciding whether to read, translate freely and move fast.",[39,53,55],{"id":54},"how-do-i-build-field-vocabulary-quickly","How do I build field vocabulary quickly?",[11,57,58],{},"Collect terms from your own corpus rather than from a general list. Keep a running file of the twenty or thirty terms your field repeats, with the definition as your field uses it. Most academic reading difficulty is domain vocabulary rather than general English.",[11,60,61],{},"Note where a term is contested, because many are. A word that means one thing to one school and something else to another is a source of confusion that reads as a language problem and is not, and knowing about the split is itself a piece of disciplinary knowledge.",[11,63,64],{},"Write the definitions in whichever language you think in. Nobody else reads this file, and the point is comprehension rather than presentation.",[11,66,67],{},"One more thing worth separating out: writing difficulty and reading difficulty are different problems with different solutions. If reviewers comment on your English, that is a drafting and editing question, not a reason to slow down your reading.",{"title":69,"searchDepth":70,"depth":70,"links":71},"",4,[72,74],{"id":41,"depth":73,"text":42},2,{"id":54,"depth":73,"text":55},"reading-and-notes","How to read academic papers efficiently in a second language, whether to translate as you read, and the fastest way to build the vocabulary of your own field.","md",[79,80],{"q":42,"a":45},{"q":55,"a":58},"How do I read research papers efficiently when English is my second language?","answer",{},true,9,[87,90],{"label":88,"to":89},"Cross-language academic search","\u002Fdocs\u002Fcore-concepts\u002Frag-and-retrieval",{"label":91,"to":92},"Knowledge bases and what goes in them","\u002Fdocs\u002Fcore-concepts\u002Fknowledge-bases","\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Freading-papers-in-a-second-language","how to read research papers efficiently in a second language",{"text":96,"to":89,"label":97},"Agent Bayes indexes every paper into English regardless of the language it was written in, so a library holding French, German, or Japanese sources becomes searchable with one query. Any passage can be translated inline, with academic terminology preserved rather than flattened.","How cross-language search works",[99],"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fquoting-a-source-in-another-language",{"title":5,"description":76},[102,106,109],{"label":103,"url":104,"checked":105},"Amano et al., Languages Are Still a Major Barrier to Global Science, PLoS Biology (2016)","https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1371\u002Fjournal.pbio.2000933","2026-08-06",{"label":107,"url":108,"checked":105},"Hubbard and Dunbar, Perceptions of scientific research literature and strategies for reading papers depend on academic career stage, PLoS One (2017)","https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1371\u002Fjournal.pone.0189753",{"label":110,"url":111,"checked":105},"Carey et al., Ten simple rules for reading a scientific paper, PLoS Computational Biology (2020)","https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1371\u002Fjournal.pcbi.1008032","answers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Freading-papers-in-a-second-language","jhHe_4VnD1fIvqH3nIVAZ3nNAYQ0FxbwJkx_q6xClw4",[115,120,124,129,133,138,143,148,153,154,159,164],{"path":116,"heading":117,"description":118,"order":119},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Forganize-100-papers","How do I organize and extract information from more than 100 papers?","Why folder systems collapse past a hundred papers, what to record about each one so the note is still useful later, and how to keep the system small.",1,{"path":121,"heading":122,"description":123,"order":73},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Ftriage-pdfs-before-reading","How do I triage 200 PDFs before deciding which ones to read in full?","How to triage a large pile of PDFs before deciding what to read in full, what the three-pass reading method is, and how to record a decision not to read something.",{"path":125,"heading":126,"description":127,"order":128},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Fhow-many-papers-can-you-read-a-day","How many papers can a PhD student realistically read in a day?","A realistic figure for how many papers a PhD student can read in a day, how thoroughly you are actually supposed to read, and whether not finishing papers is normal.",3,{"path":130,"heading":131,"description":132,"order":70},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Fremember-what-a-paper-said","How do I remember what was in papers I read months ago?","Why you forget papers you definitely read, what a literature note has to contain to still be useful later, and why highlighting fails as a memory system.",{"path":134,"heading":135,"description":136,"order":137},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Ffind-the-paper-you-half-remember","How do I find a paper when I only remember the argument it made?","How to find a paper when you only remember the argument it made, which search moves work when keywords fail, and how to stop it happening again.",5,{"path":139,"heading":140,"description":141,"order":142},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Fnote-system-takes-too-long","What do I do when my note-taking system takes longer than reading the papers?","What to do when a note system costs more than it returns, what the minimum useful literature note is, and how to simplify a system that has grown out of control.",6,{"path":144,"heading":145,"description":146,"order":147},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Fhighlighting-pdfs-stops-working","Why can I never find my PDF highlights again?","Why you can never find your PDF highlights again, what to do while reading instead, and how to make annotations searchable across a whole library of papers.",7,{"path":149,"heading":150,"description":151,"order":152},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Ftrack-connections-between-papers","How do I keep track of connections between papers?","How to keep track of how papers relate to each other, whether an atomic note system is necessary, and how to see which papers speak to the same claim.",8,{"path":93,"heading":81,"description":76,"order":85},{"path":155,"heading":156,"description":157,"order":158},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Fnon-english-studies-in-a-review","How do I include non-English studies in a literature review?","How to include non-English studies in a literature review, whether machine translation is good enough for screening, and how to report a language restriction.",10,{"path":160,"heading":161,"description":162,"order":163},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Fkeep-up-with-new-papers","How do I keep up with new papers without reading everything?","How to keep up with new publications without reading everything, how to set alerts that are signal rather than noise, and how to track work citing your key studies.",11,{"path":165,"heading":166,"description":167,"order":168},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Frestart-a-project-after-months-away","How do I get back into a research project after months away?","How to get back into a research project after a long break, whether you have to reread everything, and what to write down before a planned interruption.",12,[170,173,176,179,182,185,188,191,194,197,200,203,206,209,212,215,218,221,224,227,230,233,236,239,242,245,248,251,254,257,260,263,265,268,271,274,277,280,283,286,289,292,295,298,301,304,307,310,313,316,319,322,325,328,331,334,337,340,343,346,349,352,355,358,361,364,367,368,369,370,371,372,373,374,375,376,377,378,379,382,385,388,391,394,397,400,403,406,409,412,415,418,421,424,427,430,433,436,439,442],{"path":171,"heading":172},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fdraft-without-stopping-for-citations","How do I draft when I keep stopping to look up citations?",{"path":174,"heading":175},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fhow-long-should-a-literature-review-chapter-be","How long should a literature review chapter be?",{"path":177,"heading":178},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fparaphrase-without-plagiarizing","How do I paraphrase a source without plagiarizing?",{"path":180,"heading":181},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fstructure-a-phd-thesis","How do I structure a PhD thesis chapter by chapter?",{"path":183,"heading":184},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fthesis-by-publication-or-monograph","Should I do a thesis by publication or a monograph?",{"path":186,"heading":187},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fwrite-a-discussion-section","How do I write a discussion section without repeating the results?",{"path":189,"heading":190},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fwrite-a-methodology-chapter","How do I write a methodology chapter?",{"path":192,"heading":193},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fwrite-a-thesis-introduction","How do I write a thesis introduction?",{"path":195,"heading":196},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fwrite-an-abstract","How do I write an abstract for a research paper?",{"path":198,"heading":199},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fwrite-consistently-during-a-phd","How do I write consistently during a PhD?",{"path":201,"heading":202},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fai-for-systematic-review-screening","Can I use AI for screening in a systematic review?",{"path":204,"heading":205},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fare-ai-detectors-reliable","Are AI detectors reliable?",{"path":207,"heading":208},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fcan-an-ai-be-an-author","Can an AI tool be listed as an author on a paper?",{"path":210,"heading":211},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fcan-i-use-ai-for-a-literature-review","Can I use AI for a literature review?",{"path":213,"heading":214},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fcan-you-trust-an-ai-summary","Can I trust AI summaries of research papers?",{"path":216,"heading":217},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fdisclose-ai-use-in-a-paper","Do I need to disclose AI use in a research paper?",{"path":219,"heading":220},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fhow-to-cite-chatgpt","How do I cite ChatGPT in APA 7?",{"path":222,"heading":223},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fis-using-chatgpt-plagiarism","Is using ChatGPT for academic writing plagiarism?",{"path":225,"heading":226},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fusing-ai-in-a-phd-thesis","Can I use AI in a PhD thesis?",{"path":228,"heading":229},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fusing-ai-to-write-a-peer-review","Can I use AI to help write a peer review?",{"path":231,"heading":232},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fverify-ai-generated-citations","How do I check whether AI-generated citations are real?",{"path":234,"heading":235},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fwhy-ai-answers-better-on-your-own-pdfs","Why does an AI answer better when it reads my own PDFs?",{"path":237,"heading":238},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fwhy-chatgpt-invents-references","Why does ChatGPT make up references?",{"path":240,"heading":241},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fcheck-every-claim-against-its-citation","How do I check that every claim in my thesis is supported by its citation?",{"path":243,"heading":244},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fcite-the-paper-you-read-or-the-original","Should I cite the paper I read or the original study it references?",{"path":246,"heading":247},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fcited-source-does-not-say-that","What do I do when a paper's cited source does not support its claim?",{"path":249,"heading":250},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fciting-a-paper-you-cannot-access","Can I cite a paper I cannot get hold of?",{"path":252,"heading":253},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fciting-a-review-instead-of-the-original","Is citing a review instead of the original research bad practice?",{"path":255,"heading":256},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fdo-i-need-to-cite-everything","Do I need to cite absolutely everything in a thesis?",{"path":258,"heading":259},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fhow-much-self-citation","How much self-citation is acceptable?",{"path":261,"heading":262},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fjournal-page-number-or-pdf-page-number","Do I use the journal page number or the PDF page number in a citation?",{"path":99,"heading":264},"How do I quote a source in another language in an English thesis?",{"path":266,"heading":267},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fwhere-does-the-citation-go","Where should a citation go when only one clause in a sentence needs support?",{"path":269,"heading":270},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fyou-described-a-result-too-broadly","How do I fix a sentence that describes a study's result too broadly?",{"path":272,"heading":273},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fzotero-or-mendeley","Should I use Zotero or Mendeley for a PhD?",{"path":275,"heading":276},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fbuild-a-synthesis-matrix","How do I build a synthesis matrix when my themes keep changing as I read?",{"path":278,"heading":279},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fkeep-a-literature-review-current","How do I keep a literature review current over a multi-year PhD?",{"path":281,"heading":282},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fliterature-review-synthesis-or-summary","How do I know if my literature review is synthesis or just a summary?",{"path":284,"heading":285},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fliterature-review-too-descriptive","What does it mean when a supervisor says a literature review is too descriptive?",{"path":287,"heading":288},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fnarrative-scoping-or-systematic-review","What is the difference between a narrative literature review and a systematic review?",{"path":290,"heading":291},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Forganize-literature-review-by-argument","How do I organize a literature review by argument instead of by paper?",{"path":293,"heading":294},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Freview-that-leads-to-your-question","How do I write a literature review that leads logically to my research question?",{"path":296,"heading":297},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fscreening-abstracts-for-a-review","How do I screen hundreds of abstracts for a systematic review?",{"path":299,"heading":300},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fstudies-with-opposite-conclusions","What do I write when two studies on the same question reach opposite conclusions?",{"path":302,"heading":303},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fsynthesis-matrix-into-paragraphs","How do I turn a synthesis matrix into literature review paragraphs?",{"path":305,"heading":306},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fsystematic-review-search-strategy","How do I build a search strategy for a systematic review?",{"path":308,"heading":309},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fwhen-to-stop-searching-for-papers","How do I know when to stop searching for papers for a literature review?",{"path":311,"heading":312},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fphd-life\u002Fdefend-your-methodology-in-a-viva","How do I defend my methodology in a viva?",{"path":314,"heading":315},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fphd-life\u002Fimposter-syndrome-in-a-phd","How do I deal with imposter syndrome during a PhD?",{"path":317,"heading":318},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fphd-life\u002Fplan-a-realistic-phd-timeline","How do I plan a realistic PhD timeline?",{"path":320,"heading":321},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fphd-life\u002Fpostdoc-or-industry","Should I do a postdoc or go to industry after my PhD?",{"path":323,"heading":324},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fphd-life\u002Fprepare-for-a-phd-viva","How do I prepare for a PhD viva?",{"path":326,"heading":327},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fphd-life\u002Fstop-procrastinating-on-your-phd","How do I stop procrastinating on my PhD?",{"path":329,"heading":330},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fphd-life\u002Fwhat-happens-if-a-viva-goes-badly","What happens if you fail a PhD viva?",{"path":332,"heading":333},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fphd-life\u002Fwhen-your-supervisor-is-not-supportive","What do I do when my PhD supervisor is not supportive?",{"path":335,"heading":336},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fphd-life\u002Fwrite-an-academic-cv","How do I write an academic CV for a postdoc application?",{"path":338,"heading":339},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Fchoose-a-journal","How do I choose a journal for my paper?",{"path":341,"heading":342},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Fdo-you-pay-to-publish-open-access","Do I have to pay to publish open access?",{"path":344,"heading":345},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Fhow-author-order-is-decided","How is author order decided on a paper?",{"path":347,"heading":348},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Fhow-peer-review-works","How does journal peer review actually work?",{"path":350,"heading":351},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Fhow-to-cite-a-preprint","How do I cite a preprint?",{"path":353,"heading":354},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Fjournal-submission-cover-letter","How do I write a cover letter for a journal submission?",{"path":356,"heading":357},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Frespond-to-reviewer-comments","How do I respond to peer reviewer comments?",{"path":359,"heading":360},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Fshould-you-post-a-preprint","Should I post my paper as a preprint?",{"path":362,"heading":363},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Fspot-a-predatory-journal","How do I tell if a journal is predatory?",{"path":365,"heading":366},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Fwhy-papers-get-desk-rejected","Why was my paper desk rejected?",{"path":134,"heading":135},{"path":144,"heading":145},{"path":125,"heading":126},{"path":160,"heading":161},{"path":155,"heading":156},{"path":139,"heading":140},{"path":116,"heading":117},{"path":93,"heading":81},{"path":130,"heading":131},{"path":165,"heading":166},{"path":149,"heading":150},{"path":121,"heading":122},{"path":380,"heading":381},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-data\u002Fanonymize-qualitative-data","How do I anonymize qualitative interview data?",{"path":383,"heading":384},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-data\u002Ffair-data-principles-in-practice","What are the FAIR data principles?",{"path":386,"heading":387},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-data\u002Forganize-research-data-files","How do I organize research data files?",{"path":389,"heading":390},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-data\u002Fwhat-preregistration-is","What is preregistration in research?",{"path":392,"heading":393},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-data\u002Fwrite-a-data-management-plan","How do I write a data management plan?",{"path":395,"heading":396},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-gaps\u002Fchoose-a-theoretical-framework","How do I choose a theoretical framework for my thesis?",{"path":398,"heading":399},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-gaps\u002Ffind-a-research-gap","How do I identify a research gap in the literature?",{"path":401,"heading":402},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-gaps\u002Fis-my-research-gap-original","How do I know if my research gap is original?",{"path":404,"heading":405},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-gaps\u002Fnarrow-a-broad-research-question","How do I narrow down a research question that is too broad?",{"path":407,"heading":408},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-gaps\u002Fresearch-question-changed-mid-phd","Can a research question change during a PhD?",{"path":410,"heading":411},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-gaps\u002Fresearch-question-or-hypothesis","What is the difference between a research question and a hypothesis?",{"path":413,"heading":414},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-gaps\u002Fturn-a-topic-into-a-research-question","How do I turn a research topic into a research question?",{"path":416,"heading":417},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-gaps\u002Fwhat-makes-a-good-research-question","What makes a good research question in a PhD thesis?",{"path":419,"heading":420},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-gaps\u002Fwrite-a-research-gap-statement","How do I write a research gap statement?",{"path":422,"heading":423},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-methods\u002Fchoose-a-statistical-test","How do I choose which statistical test to use?",{"path":425,"heading":426},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-methods\u002Fhow-many-interviews-is-enough","How many interviews are enough for a qualitative study?",{"path":428,"heading":429},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-methods\u002Fhow-to-do-thematic-analysis","How do I do thematic analysis step by step?",{"path":431,"heading":432},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-methods\u002Finductive-or-deductive-coding","What is the difference between inductive and deductive thematic analysis?",{"path":434,"heading":435},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-methods\u002Fintegrate-mixed-methods-data","How do I integrate qualitative and quantitative data in a mixed methods study?",{"path":437,"heading":438},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-methods\u002Frigour-in-qualitative-research","How do I show rigour in qualitative research?",{"path":440,"heading":441},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-methods\u002Fwhat-a-p-value-means","What does a p value actually mean?",{"path":443,"heading":444},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-methods\u002Fwork-out-your-sample-size","How do I calculate the sample size for a study?",1786014768164]