[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":439},["ShallowReactive",2],{"answers-\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Fnon-english-studies-in-a-review":3,"answers-cluster-reading-and-notes":109,"answers-related-\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Fnon-english-studies-in-a-review":164},{"id":4,"title":5,"answer":6,"body":7,"cluster":69,"description":70,"extension":71,"faq":72,"heading":75,"intro":63,"kind":76,"meta":77,"navigation":78,"order":79,"outbound":80,"path":87,"primaryQuery":88,"product":89,"related":92,"seo":95,"sources":96,"stem":107,"updated":100,"__hash__":108},"answers\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Fnon-english-studies-in-a-review.md","Including Non-English Studies in a Literature Review","Search in the other language rather than hoping English keywords reach it. Use the field's own terms, search national and regional databases as well as international ones, and screen with translated abstracts. Excluding a literature because you cannot search it is a coverage decision you must then declare.",{"type":8,"value":9,"toc":62},"minimark",[10,14,17,20,23,26,29,32,37,40,43,46,49,53,56,59],[11,12,13],"p",{},"English-only searching produces a systematic bias, and the direction of that bias depends on the field. In areas where a phenomenon is studied mainly in one region, the international journals carry the exportable subset while the substantive body of work sits in national publications. A review that misses it can be confidently wrong.",[11,15,16],{},"The scale of the omission is documented. Across 300 randomly sampled Cochrane reviews, 27 percent explicitly excluded non-English studies, 35 percent stated no language criteria at all, 39 percent searched for non-English studies, and only 15 percent included any, and in a sample of 123 Campbell reviews, 108 excluded non-English studies in advance with few giving a justification (Neimann Rasmussen and Montgomery, 2018, p. 2). It also matters to the result. In a review of 50 meta-analyses, adding non-English studies changed the effect estimate in more than half, making it more positive in five cases and less positive in 16, usually with lower precision (Neimann Rasmussen and Montgomery, 2018, p. 2). The same source is careful about the reason: comparisons of English and non-English publications are inconsistent, some finding better design or reporting in English, others finding no significant difference, so include on eligibility and appraisal, not on an assumption that the non-English literature is systematically better or worse.",[11,18,19],{},"Searching in another language is more tractable than it looks. The terms you need appear in the abstracts and keyword lists of the few non-English papers you already have, or in the translated titles that many national databases provide. Two or three terms per concept is usually enough to run a search you can then screen with translation.",[11,21,22],{},"The databases matter as much as the terms. International indexes cover national journals unevenly, and regional platforms often hold literatures that are simply absent elsewhere. A subject librarian will know which ones apply to your field, and asking is faster than discovering them one at a time.",[11,24,25],{},"Removing the language filter from an English database is not the same as searching in the language. Non-English work is indexed less rigorously in the international databases, so the recommendation is to run non-English search terms, build a list of the major non-English journals in your field, and use networks of investigators to find work that is not indexed anywhere (Amano et al., 2016, pp. 5-6). Develop each strategy the way you would an English one, checking that the terms are complete, balancing sensitivity against specificity, and translating the optimized strategy across databases rather than retyping it (Bramer et al., 2018, p. 531). Record the translated terms, the databases and interfaces, the dates, and every adaptation you made.",[11,27,28],{},"Where you genuinely cannot cover a language, the answer is not to pretend the literature does not exist. Say what you excluded and why, and where possible say what the exclusion might have cost. That sentence protects you and tells the next researcher where to look.",[11,30,31],{},"What the exclusion costs can be specific. Population estimates for Taiwan's fairy pitta existed only in traditional Chinese and were left out of a global assessment, Chinese-language reports of avian influenza in pigs went unnoticed by international organizations at first, and Wetlands International Argentina produced more than 20 technical conservation publications over 20 years of which only two were available in English (Amano et al., 2016, pp. 3-5). If your field has an equivalent, name it in the limitation.",[33,34,36],"h2",{"id":35},"is-machine-translation-good-enough-for-screening","Is machine translation good enough for screening?",[11,38,39],{},"For screening, yes. Deciding whether a paper is about your topic and roughly what it found is well within what current translation handles. For extracting a finding you will cite, it is not, and that step needs someone who reads the language or a checked professional translation.",[11,41,42],{},"The failure mode at the extraction stage is quiet. Technical terms with a fixed disciplinary meaning get rendered into ordinary words, hedged claims lose their hedging, and a conditional finding becomes a general one. None of these look like errors on the page.",[11,44,45],{},"A practical compromise for a small number of important papers is to have the specific passages checked rather than the whole article. Verifying four paragraphs is a favor a colleague can do in twenty minutes.",[11,47,48],{},"Arrange that help before screening starts rather than when you hit the first paper. Review authors report cost, time, funding, and access to translators, translation software, and English abstracts as the recurring barriers, and training, practical guidance, and access to non-English databases as what actually helps (Neimann Rasmussen and Montgomery, 2018, pp. 7-8). Recruiting speakers of Spanish, Portuguese, Chinese, and French covers a large share of the non-English scientific record, with quality checks by native speakers where you can get them (Amano et al., 2016, pp. 5-6). Write into your protocol who translates titles and abstracts, who verifies full-text readings, how disagreements are settled, and where translation costs are logged.",[33,50,52],{"id":51},"how-do-i-report-a-language-restriction-in-my-methods","How do I report a language restriction in my methods?",[11,54,55],{},"State which languages you searched and screened in, and say plainly that other-language work may be under-represented. If your topic has a substantial literature in a language you excluded, name it. A declared limitation is acceptable, an undeclared one looks like a claim of completeness you cannot support.",[11,57,58],{},"Where translation was used, say so and say at which stage. \"Abstracts were screened using machine translation, and included full texts were read in the original with assistance from a native speaker\" is a methods sentence a reviewer can evaluate.",[11,60,61],{},"Record the counts too. Knowing how many records were in other languages, and how many survived screening, turns a vague caveat into a quantified one, and it costs nothing if you logged it as you went.",{"title":63,"searchDepth":64,"depth":64,"links":65},"",4,[66,68],{"id":35,"depth":67,"text":36},2,{"id":51,"depth":67,"text":52},"reading-and-notes","How to include non-English studies in a literature review, whether machine translation is good enough for screening, and how to report a language restriction.","md",[73,74],{"q":36,"a":39},{"q":52,"a":55},"How do I include non-English studies in a literature review?","answer",{},true,10,[81,84],{"label":82,"to":83},"Retrieval across a curated corpus","\u002Fdocs\u002Fcore-concepts\u002Frag-and-retrieval",{"label":85,"to":86},"The literature review workflow","\u002Fdocs\u002Fresearch-workflows\u002Fliterature-review","\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Fnon-english-studies-in-a-review","how to include non english studies in a literature review",{"text":90,"to":83,"label":91},"Agent Bayes indexes each paper into English no matter what language it was written in, so one search reaches a mixed-language library. Passages can be translated inline when you need to read them closely, and the citation still points at the original source and page.","How cross-language search works",[93,94],"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fquoting-a-source-in-another-language","\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fsystematic-review-search-strategy",{"title":5,"description":70},[97,101,104],{"label":98,"url":99,"checked":100},"Neimann Rasmussen and Montgomery, The prevalence of and factors associated with inclusion of non-English language studies in Campbell systematic reviews: a survey and meta-epidemiological study, Systematic Reviews (2018)","https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1186\u002Fs13643-018-0786-6","2026-08-06",{"label":102,"url":103,"checked":100},"Amano et al., Languages Are Still a Major Barrier to Global Science, PLoS Biology (2016)","https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1371\u002Fjournal.pbio.2000933",{"label":105,"url":106,"checked":100},"Bramer et al., A systematic approach to searching: an efficient and complete method to develop literature searches, Journal of the Medical Library Association (2018)","https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.5195\u002Fjmla.2018.283","answers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Fnon-english-studies-in-a-review","dTDL-tXmqRvBzm19O_-fPEP8g3bFGV2sRMM0foXU2vU",[110,115,119,124,128,133,138,143,148,153,154,159],{"path":111,"heading":112,"description":113,"order":114},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Forganize-100-papers","How do I organize and extract information from more than 100 papers?","Why folder systems collapse past a hundred papers, what to record about each one so the note is still useful later, and how to keep the system small.",1,{"path":116,"heading":117,"description":118,"order":67},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Ftriage-pdfs-before-reading","How do I triage 200 PDFs before deciding which ones to read in full?","How to triage a large pile of PDFs before deciding what to read in full, what the three-pass reading method is, and how to record a decision not to read something.",{"path":120,"heading":121,"description":122,"order":123},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Fhow-many-papers-can-you-read-a-day","How many papers can a PhD student realistically read in a day?","A realistic figure for how many papers a PhD student can read in a day, how thoroughly you are actually supposed to read, and whether not finishing papers is normal.",3,{"path":125,"heading":126,"description":127,"order":64},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Fremember-what-a-paper-said","How do I remember what was in papers I read months ago?","Why you forget papers you definitely read, what a literature note has to contain to still be useful later, and why highlighting fails as a memory system.",{"path":129,"heading":130,"description":131,"order":132},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Ffind-the-paper-you-half-remember","How do I find a paper when I only remember the argument it made?","How to find a paper when you only remember the argument it made, which search moves work when keywords fail, and how to stop it happening again.",5,{"path":134,"heading":135,"description":136,"order":137},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Fnote-system-takes-too-long","What do I do when my note-taking system takes longer than reading the papers?","What to do when a note system costs more than it returns, what the minimum useful literature note is, and how to simplify a system that has grown out of control.",6,{"path":139,"heading":140,"description":141,"order":142},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Fhighlighting-pdfs-stops-working","Why can I never find my PDF highlights again?","Why you can never find your PDF highlights again, what to do while reading instead, and how to make annotations searchable across a whole library of papers.",7,{"path":144,"heading":145,"description":146,"order":147},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Ftrack-connections-between-papers","How do I keep track of connections between papers?","How to keep track of how papers relate to each other, whether an atomic note system is necessary, and how to see which papers speak to the same claim.",8,{"path":149,"heading":150,"description":151,"order":152},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Freading-papers-in-a-second-language","How do I read research papers efficiently when English is my second language?","How to read academic papers efficiently in a second language, whether to translate as you read, and the fastest way to build the vocabulary of your own field.",9,{"path":87,"heading":75,"description":70,"order":79},{"path":155,"heading":156,"description":157,"order":158},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Fkeep-up-with-new-papers","How do I keep up with new papers without reading everything?","How to keep up with new publications without reading everything, how to set alerts that are signal rather than noise, and how to track work citing your key studies.",11,{"path":160,"heading":161,"description":162,"order":163},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Frestart-a-project-after-months-away","How do I get back into a research project after months away?","How to get back into a research project after a long break, whether you have to reread everything, and what to write down before a planned interruption.",12,[165,168,171,174,177,180,183,186,189,192,195,198,201,204,207,210,213,216,219,222,225,228,231,234,237,240,243,246,249,252,255,258,260,263,266,269,272,275,278,281,284,287,290,293,296,299,301,304,307,310,313,316,319,322,325,328,331,334,337,340,343,346,349,352,355,358,361,362,363,364,365,366,367,368,369,370,371,372,373,376,379,382,385,388,391,394,397,400,403,406,409,412,415,418,421,424,427,430,433,436],{"path":166,"heading":167},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fdraft-without-stopping-for-citations","How do I draft when I keep stopping to look up citations?",{"path":169,"heading":170},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fhow-long-should-a-literature-review-chapter-be","How long should a literature review chapter be?",{"path":172,"heading":173},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fparaphrase-without-plagiarizing","How do I paraphrase a source without plagiarizing?",{"path":175,"heading":176},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fstructure-a-phd-thesis","How do I structure a PhD thesis chapter by chapter?",{"path":178,"heading":179},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fthesis-by-publication-or-monograph","Should I do a thesis by publication or a monograph?",{"path":181,"heading":182},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fwrite-a-discussion-section","How do I write a discussion section without repeating the results?",{"path":184,"heading":185},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fwrite-a-methodology-chapter","How do I write a methodology chapter?",{"path":187,"heading":188},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fwrite-a-thesis-introduction","How do I write a thesis introduction?",{"path":190,"heading":191},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fwrite-an-abstract","How do I write an abstract for a research paper?",{"path":193,"heading":194},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fwrite-consistently-during-a-phd","How do I write consistently during a PhD?",{"path":196,"heading":197},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fai-for-systematic-review-screening","Can I use AI for screening in a systematic review?",{"path":199,"heading":200},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fare-ai-detectors-reliable","Are AI detectors reliable?",{"path":202,"heading":203},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fcan-an-ai-be-an-author","Can an AI tool be listed as an author on a paper?",{"path":205,"heading":206},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fcan-i-use-ai-for-a-literature-review","Can I use AI for a literature review?",{"path":208,"heading":209},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fcan-you-trust-an-ai-summary","Can I trust AI summaries of research papers?",{"path":211,"heading":212},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fdisclose-ai-use-in-a-paper","Do I need to disclose AI use in a research paper?",{"path":214,"heading":215},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fhow-to-cite-chatgpt","How do I cite ChatGPT in APA 7?",{"path":217,"heading":218},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fis-using-chatgpt-plagiarism","Is using ChatGPT for academic writing plagiarism?",{"path":220,"heading":221},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fusing-ai-in-a-phd-thesis","Can I use AI in a PhD thesis?",{"path":223,"heading":224},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fusing-ai-to-write-a-peer-review","Can I use AI to help write a peer review?",{"path":226,"heading":227},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fverify-ai-generated-citations","How do I check whether AI-generated citations are real?",{"path":229,"heading":230},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fwhy-ai-answers-better-on-your-own-pdfs","Why does an AI answer better when it reads my own PDFs?",{"path":232,"heading":233},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fwhy-chatgpt-invents-references","Why does ChatGPT make up references?",{"path":235,"heading":236},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fcheck-every-claim-against-its-citation","How do I check that every claim in my thesis is supported by its citation?",{"path":238,"heading":239},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fcite-the-paper-you-read-or-the-original","Should I cite the paper I read or the original study it references?",{"path":241,"heading":242},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fcited-source-does-not-say-that","What do I do when a paper's cited source does not support its claim?",{"path":244,"heading":245},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fciting-a-paper-you-cannot-access","Can I cite a paper I cannot get hold of?",{"path":247,"heading":248},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fciting-a-review-instead-of-the-original","Is citing a review instead of the original research bad practice?",{"path":250,"heading":251},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fdo-i-need-to-cite-everything","Do I need to cite absolutely everything in a thesis?",{"path":253,"heading":254},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fhow-much-self-citation","How much self-citation is acceptable?",{"path":256,"heading":257},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fjournal-page-number-or-pdf-page-number","Do I use the journal page number or the PDF page number in a citation?",{"path":93,"heading":259},"How do I quote a source in another language in an English thesis?",{"path":261,"heading":262},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fwhere-does-the-citation-go","Where should a citation go when only one clause in a sentence needs support?",{"path":264,"heading":265},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fyou-described-a-result-too-broadly","How do I fix a sentence that describes a study's result too broadly?",{"path":267,"heading":268},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fzotero-or-mendeley","Should I use Zotero or Mendeley for a PhD?",{"path":270,"heading":271},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fbuild-a-synthesis-matrix","How do I build a synthesis matrix when my themes keep changing as I read?",{"path":273,"heading":274},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fkeep-a-literature-review-current","How do I keep a literature review current over a multi-year PhD?",{"path":276,"heading":277},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fliterature-review-synthesis-or-summary","How do I know if my literature review is synthesis or just a summary?",{"path":279,"heading":280},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fliterature-review-too-descriptive","What does it mean when a supervisor says a literature review is too descriptive?",{"path":282,"heading":283},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fnarrative-scoping-or-systematic-review","What is the difference between a narrative literature review and a systematic review?",{"path":285,"heading":286},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Forganize-literature-review-by-argument","How do I organize a literature review by argument instead of by paper?",{"path":288,"heading":289},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Freview-that-leads-to-your-question","How do I write a literature review that leads logically to my research question?",{"path":291,"heading":292},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fscreening-abstracts-for-a-review","How do I screen hundreds of abstracts for a systematic review?",{"path":294,"heading":295},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fstudies-with-opposite-conclusions","What do I write when two studies on the same question reach opposite conclusions?",{"path":297,"heading":298},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fsynthesis-matrix-into-paragraphs","How do I turn a synthesis matrix into literature review paragraphs?",{"path":94,"heading":300},"How do I build a search strategy for a systematic review?",{"path":302,"heading":303},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fwhen-to-stop-searching-for-papers","How do I know when to stop searching for papers for a literature review?",{"path":305,"heading":306},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fphd-life\u002Fdefend-your-methodology-in-a-viva","How do I defend my methodology in a viva?",{"path":308,"heading":309},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fphd-life\u002Fimposter-syndrome-in-a-phd","How do I deal with imposter syndrome during a PhD?",{"path":311,"heading":312},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fphd-life\u002Fplan-a-realistic-phd-timeline","How do I plan a realistic PhD timeline?",{"path":314,"heading":315},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fphd-life\u002Fpostdoc-or-industry","Should I do a postdoc or go to industry after my PhD?",{"path":317,"heading":318},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fphd-life\u002Fprepare-for-a-phd-viva","How do I prepare for a PhD viva?",{"path":320,"heading":321},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fphd-life\u002Fstop-procrastinating-on-your-phd","How do I stop procrastinating on my PhD?",{"path":323,"heading":324},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fphd-life\u002Fwhat-happens-if-a-viva-goes-badly","What happens if you fail a PhD viva?",{"path":326,"heading":327},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fphd-life\u002Fwhen-your-supervisor-is-not-supportive","What do I do when my PhD supervisor is not supportive?",{"path":329,"heading":330},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fphd-life\u002Fwrite-an-academic-cv","How do I write an academic CV for a postdoc application?",{"path":332,"heading":333},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Fchoose-a-journal","How do I choose a journal for my paper?",{"path":335,"heading":336},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Fdo-you-pay-to-publish-open-access","Do I have to pay to publish open access?",{"path":338,"heading":339},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Fhow-author-order-is-decided","How is author order decided on a paper?",{"path":341,"heading":342},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Fhow-peer-review-works","How does journal peer review actually work?",{"path":344,"heading":345},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Fhow-to-cite-a-preprint","How do I cite a preprint?",{"path":347,"heading":348},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Fjournal-submission-cover-letter","How do I write a cover letter for a journal submission?",{"path":350,"heading":351},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Frespond-to-reviewer-comments","How do I respond to peer reviewer comments?",{"path":353,"heading":354},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Fshould-you-post-a-preprint","Should I post my paper as a preprint?",{"path":356,"heading":357},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Fspot-a-predatory-journal","How do I tell if a journal is predatory?",{"path":359,"heading":360},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Fwhy-papers-get-desk-rejected","Why was my paper desk rejected?",{"path":129,"heading":130},{"path":139,"heading":140},{"path":120,"heading":121},{"path":155,"heading":156},{"path":87,"heading":75},{"path":134,"heading":135},{"path":111,"heading":112},{"path":149,"heading":150},{"path":125,"heading":126},{"path":160,"heading":161},{"path":144,"heading":145},{"path":116,"heading":117},{"path":374,"heading":375},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-data\u002Fanonymize-qualitative-data","How do I anonymize qualitative interview data?",{"path":377,"heading":378},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-data\u002Ffair-data-principles-in-practice","What are the FAIR data principles?",{"path":380,"heading":381},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-data\u002Forganize-research-data-files","How do I organize research data files?",{"path":383,"heading":384},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-data\u002Fwhat-preregistration-is","What is preregistration in research?",{"path":386,"heading":387},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-data\u002Fwrite-a-data-management-plan","How do I write a data management plan?",{"path":389,"heading":390},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-gaps\u002Fchoose-a-theoretical-framework","How do I choose a theoretical framework for my thesis?",{"path":392,"heading":393},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-gaps\u002Ffind-a-research-gap","How do I identify a research gap in the literature?",{"path":395,"heading":396},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-gaps\u002Fis-my-research-gap-original","How do I know if my research gap is original?",{"path":398,"heading":399},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-gaps\u002Fnarrow-a-broad-research-question","How do I narrow down a research question that is too broad?",{"path":401,"heading":402},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-gaps\u002Fresearch-question-changed-mid-phd","Can a research question change during a PhD?",{"path":404,"heading":405},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-gaps\u002Fresearch-question-or-hypothesis","What is the difference between a research question and a hypothesis?",{"path":407,"heading":408},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-gaps\u002Fturn-a-topic-into-a-research-question","How do I turn a research topic into a research question?",{"path":410,"heading":411},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-gaps\u002Fwhat-makes-a-good-research-question","What makes a good research question in a PhD thesis?",{"path":413,"heading":414},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-gaps\u002Fwrite-a-research-gap-statement","How do I write a research gap statement?",{"path":416,"heading":417},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-methods\u002Fchoose-a-statistical-test","How do I choose which statistical test to use?",{"path":419,"heading":420},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-methods\u002Fhow-many-interviews-is-enough","How many interviews are enough for a qualitative study?",{"path":422,"heading":423},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-methods\u002Fhow-to-do-thematic-analysis","How do I do thematic analysis step by step?",{"path":425,"heading":426},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-methods\u002Finductive-or-deductive-coding","What is the difference between inductive and deductive thematic analysis?",{"path":428,"heading":429},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-methods\u002Fintegrate-mixed-methods-data","How do I integrate qualitative and quantitative data in a mixed methods study?",{"path":431,"heading":432},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-methods\u002Frigour-in-qualitative-research","How do I show rigour in qualitative research?",{"path":434,"heading":435},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-methods\u002Fwhat-a-p-value-means","What does a p value actually mean?",{"path":437,"heading":438},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-methods\u002Fwork-out-your-sample-size","How do I calculate the sample size for a study?",1786014768171]