[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":431},["ShallowReactive",2],{"answers-\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Fhow-to-cite-a-preprint":3,"answers-cluster-publishing":107,"answers-related-\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Fhow-to-cite-a-preprint":152},{"id":4,"title":5,"answer":6,"body":7,"cluster":69,"description":70,"extension":71,"faq":72,"heading":75,"intro":63,"kind":76,"meta":77,"navigation":78,"order":79,"outbound":80,"path":87,"primaryQuery":88,"product":89,"related":90,"seo":93,"sources":94,"stem":105,"updated":98,"__hash__":106},"answers\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Fhow-to-cite-a-preprint.md","How to Cite a Preprint, and Whether You Should","Cite it as a preprint, explicitly. Give the authors, year, title, the server name, and the permanent identifier, and mark it as a preprint in the reference so a reader knows it has not been peer reviewed. Most style guides have a specific format for this.",{"type":8,"value":9,"toc":62},"minimark",[10,14,17,20,23,26,31,34,37,40,43,46,50,53,56,59],[11,12,13],"p",{},"The important part of a preprint citation is not the format, it is the visibility of the status. A reader deciding how much weight to place on your claim needs to know that the supporting work has not been through review, and a reference list entry that looks like a journal article hides that.",[11,15,16],{},"So mark it in two places. In the reference, using your style's preprint designation and the server's permanent identifier. And in the text, where the claim carries weight, with a short phrase such as \"in a preprint reporting\" or \"unreviewed work suggests\". That phrasing costs three words and does the entire job.",[11,18,19],{},"The category is broader than most students assume. Bourne, Polka, Vale, and Kiley define a preprint as a complete description of research that has not completed the usual journal-publication process, and their examples include manuscripts awaiting or undergoing review, commentaries, negative-result reports, datasets with descriptions, and papers already peer reviewed but not yet formally published (Bourne et al., 2017, p. 1). If the item you are citing falls into any of those, label it as a preprint and preserve its persistent public location, the repository record, instead of implying a journal status it does not have.",[11,21,22],{},"The identifier matters because preprints are versioned. Servers assign a version number, and the text you read may not be the text a reader finds. Citing the specific version you used is the practice most style guides now recommend and the one that makes your citation reproducible.",[11,24,25],{},"The judgment about whether to rely on a preprint is separate from the citation mechanics. Recent, fast-moving fields make preprints unavoidable and citing them is standard. A claim your whole argument depends on is a different matter, and there the right response is caution rather than omission.",[27,28,30],"h2",{"id":29},"should-i-cite-a-preprint-at-all","Should I cite a preprint at all?",[11,32,33],{},"Yes, with the status made visible in your text as well as your reference list. Preprints are legitimate sources, especially for recent work, and the obligation is transparency rather than avoidance. Do not build a load-bearing claim on an unreviewed result without saying that is what you are doing.",[11,35,36],{},"Read the preprint more carefully than you would a reviewed paper, precisely because nobody else has. The checks a reviewer would perform, on the analysis, the sample, and whether the conclusions follow, fall to you.",[11,38,39],{},"Penders argues that including a source is not enough on its own, and that you should cite it at the point where its specific contribution is used, sometimes citing the same study more than once for different parts of an argument (Penders, 2018, pp. 2-3). Penders names the failure mode \"neutral citation\", a reference that appears without any statement of why it is relevant. For a preprint that matters more than usual, because the sentence carrying the citation is also the sentence where you say what the work is and what you are relying on, its method, its data, or its preliminary finding.",[11,41,42],{},"Bourne and colleagues hold both positions at once. They write that peer review can add substantial value by identifying errors and areas for improvement, and they also treat the preprint as a public, citable disclosure (Bourne et al., 2017, p. 3). The missing review does not make the work worthless, it makes the status a fact your reader needs.",[11,44,45],{},"Where a preprint contradicts reviewed work, say so and treat it as an open question rather than a settled reversal. That is an accurate description of the evidence and it protects you if the preprint does not survive review.",[27,47,49],{"id":48},"what-do-i-do-when-the-preprint-is-later-published","What do I do when the preprint is later published?",[11,51,52],{},"Switch the citation to the published version and check that the claim you cited survived review, since content changes between the two more often than people assume. Check every preprint citation once before submitting a thesis, because some will have been published since you wrote the chapter.",[11,54,55],{},"Set an alert on the preprints you rely on most, or search the authors' names once a year. This takes minutes and prevents the awkward case where a thesis cites an unreviewed version of a paper that has been in print for a year.",[11,57,58],{},"The two sources differ in emphasis here. Penders recommends prioritizing reviewed papers over unreviewed or prereviewed sources, and choosing your references again for each publication and separately for each section (Penders, 2018, p. 4). Bourne and colleagues stress that preprints create a public, time-stamped record of priority and can and should be fairly cited, pointing to arXiv's long history in physics (Bourne et al., 2017, pp. 2-3). Both apply. The published version is usually the better citation for a settled finding, and the preprint stays correct when you are discussing its earlier release, its original wording, its priority, or material that appears only in that version.",[11,60,61],{},"If the published version differs materially from what you cited, that difference is worth a sentence. Reviewers changed something, and what they changed is information about how solid the original claim was.",{"title":63,"searchDepth":64,"depth":64,"links":65},"",4,[66,68],{"id":29,"depth":67,"text":30},2,{"id":48,"depth":67,"text":49},"publishing","How to cite a preprint correctly, when citing unreviewed work is appropriate in a thesis or paper, and what to do when the preprint is later published.","md",[73,74],{"q":30,"a":33},{"q":49,"a":52},"How do I cite a preprint?","answer",{},true,8,[81,84],{"label":82,"to":83},"Claims and citations in a research map","\u002Fdocs\u002Fcore-concepts\u002Fmindmaps-nodes-and-claims",{"label":85,"to":86},"AI verification of claims and citations","\u002Fdocs\u002Fcore-concepts\u002Fai-verification","\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Fhow-to-cite-a-preprint","how to cite a preprint",null,[91,92],"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fciting-a-review-instead-of-the-original","\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fhow-to-cite-chatgpt",{"title":5,"description":70},[95,99,102],{"label":96,"url":97,"checked":98},"Bourne et al., Ten simple rules to consider regarding preprint submission, PLoS Computational Biology (2017)","https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1371\u002Fjournal.pcbi.1005473","2026-08-06",{"label":100,"url":101,"checked":98},"Penders, Ten simple rules for responsible referencing, PLoS Computational Biology (2018)","https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1371\u002Fjournal.pcbi.1006036",{"label":103,"url":104,"checked":98},"Mehta et al., A call for clarity: a unified checklist for reporting use of large language models in writing scientific manuscripts, Research Integrity and Peer Review (2026)","https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1186\u002Fs41073-026-00212-3","answers\u002Fpublishing\u002Fhow-to-cite-a-preprint","3egfmFlCIoVSXIJkKJbXetuuUqvEpqwta54ppSidnYg",[108,113,117,122,126,131,136,141,142,147],{"path":109,"heading":110,"description":111,"order":112},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Fchoose-a-journal","How do I choose a journal for my paper?","How to choose a journal that will actually consider your paper, whether impact factor matters at your career stage, and how to read a scope statement properly.",1,{"path":114,"heading":115,"description":116,"order":67},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Fspot-a-predatory-journal","How do I tell if a journal is predatory?","The checks that reliably identify a predatory journal, which warning signs no longer work on their own, and what to do if you have already submitted to one.",{"path":118,"heading":119,"description":120,"order":121},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Frespond-to-reviewer-comments","How do I respond to peer reviewer comments?","How to write a response to reviewers that gets a paper accepted, what to do when a reviewer is wrong, and how to structure the response letter itself.",3,{"path":123,"heading":124,"description":125,"order":64},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Fwhy-papers-get-desk-rejected","Why was my paper desk rejected?","The real reasons editors reject papers without review, whether it is worth asking for reconsideration, and how to choose where to send the paper next.",{"path":127,"heading":128,"description":129,"order":130},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Fhow-peer-review-works","How does journal peer review actually work?","What actually happens to a manuscript after submission, how long peer review typically takes and why, and what the standard decision terms mean in practice.",5,{"path":132,"heading":133,"description":134,"order":135},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Fjournal-submission-cover-letter","How do I write a cover letter for a journal submission?","What a journal submission cover letter should contain, what the editor is actually reading it for, and whether to suggest or exclude specific reviewers.",6,{"path":137,"heading":138,"description":139,"order":140},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Fshould-you-post-a-preprint","Should I post my paper as a preprint?","Whether to post your paper as a preprint before submission, whether journals will still accept it afterwards, and whether preprints count as publications.",7,{"path":87,"heading":75,"description":70,"order":79},{"path":143,"heading":144,"description":145,"order":146},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Fdo-you-pay-to-publish-open-access","Do I have to pay to publish open access?","Whether open access publishing always costs money, what the green, gold, and diamond routes mean in practice, and what your options are with no funding.",9,{"path":148,"heading":149,"description":150,"order":151},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Fhow-author-order-is-decided","How is author order decided on a paper?","How authorship order is determined in different fields, what counts as enough contribution to be an author, and what to do when there is a dispute.",10,[153,156,159,162,165,168,171,174,177,180,183,186,189,192,195,198,201,203,206,209,212,215,218,221,224,227,230,233,235,238,241,244,247,250,253,256,259,262,265,268,271,274,277,280,283,286,289,292,295,298,301,304,307,310,313,316,319,320,321,322,323,324,325,326,327,328,329,332,335,338,341,344,347,350,353,356,359,362,365,368,371,374,377,380,383,386,389,392,395,398,401,404,407,410,413,416,419,422,425,428],{"path":154,"heading":155},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fdraft-without-stopping-for-citations","How do I draft when I keep stopping to look up citations?",{"path":157,"heading":158},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fhow-long-should-a-literature-review-chapter-be","How long should a literature review chapter be?",{"path":160,"heading":161},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fparaphrase-without-plagiarizing","How do I paraphrase a source without plagiarizing?",{"path":163,"heading":164},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fstructure-a-phd-thesis","How do I structure a PhD thesis chapter by chapter?",{"path":166,"heading":167},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fthesis-by-publication-or-monograph","Should I do a thesis by publication or a monograph?",{"path":169,"heading":170},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fwrite-a-discussion-section","How do I write a discussion section without repeating the results?",{"path":172,"heading":173},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fwrite-a-methodology-chapter","How do I write a methodology chapter?",{"path":175,"heading":176},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fwrite-a-thesis-introduction","How do I write a thesis introduction?",{"path":178,"heading":179},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fwrite-an-abstract","How do I write an abstract for a research paper?",{"path":181,"heading":182},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fwrite-consistently-during-a-phd","How do I write consistently during a PhD?",{"path":184,"heading":185},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fai-for-systematic-review-screening","Can I use AI for screening in a systematic review?",{"path":187,"heading":188},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fare-ai-detectors-reliable","Are AI detectors reliable?",{"path":190,"heading":191},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fcan-an-ai-be-an-author","Can an AI tool be listed as an author on a paper?",{"path":193,"heading":194},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fcan-i-use-ai-for-a-literature-review","Can I use AI for a literature review?",{"path":196,"heading":197},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fcan-you-trust-an-ai-summary","Can I trust AI summaries of research papers?",{"path":199,"heading":200},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fdisclose-ai-use-in-a-paper","Do I need to disclose AI use in a research paper?",{"path":92,"heading":202},"How do I cite ChatGPT in APA 7?",{"path":204,"heading":205},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fis-using-chatgpt-plagiarism","Is using ChatGPT for academic writing plagiarism?",{"path":207,"heading":208},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fusing-ai-in-a-phd-thesis","Can I use AI in a PhD thesis?",{"path":210,"heading":211},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fusing-ai-to-write-a-peer-review","Can I use AI to help write a peer review?",{"path":213,"heading":214},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fverify-ai-generated-citations","How do I check whether AI-generated citations are real?",{"path":216,"heading":217},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fwhy-ai-answers-better-on-your-own-pdfs","Why does an AI answer better when it reads my own PDFs?",{"path":219,"heading":220},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fwhy-chatgpt-invents-references","Why does ChatGPT make up references?",{"path":222,"heading":223},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fcheck-every-claim-against-its-citation","How do I check that every claim in my thesis is supported by its citation?",{"path":225,"heading":226},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fcite-the-paper-you-read-or-the-original","Should I cite the paper I read or the original study it references?",{"path":228,"heading":229},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fcited-source-does-not-say-that","What do I do when a paper's cited source does not support its claim?",{"path":231,"heading":232},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fciting-a-paper-you-cannot-access","Can I cite a paper I cannot get hold of?",{"path":91,"heading":234},"Is citing a review instead of the original research bad practice?",{"path":236,"heading":237},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fdo-i-need-to-cite-everything","Do I need to cite absolutely everything in a thesis?",{"path":239,"heading":240},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fhow-much-self-citation","How much self-citation is acceptable?",{"path":242,"heading":243},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fjournal-page-number-or-pdf-page-number","Do I use the journal page number or the PDF page number in a citation?",{"path":245,"heading":246},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fquoting-a-source-in-another-language","How do I quote a source in another language in an English thesis?",{"path":248,"heading":249},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fwhere-does-the-citation-go","Where should a citation go when only one clause in a sentence needs support?",{"path":251,"heading":252},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fyou-described-a-result-too-broadly","How do I fix a sentence that describes a study's result too broadly?",{"path":254,"heading":255},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fzotero-or-mendeley","Should I use Zotero or Mendeley for a PhD?",{"path":257,"heading":258},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fbuild-a-synthesis-matrix","How do I build a synthesis matrix when my themes keep changing as I read?",{"path":260,"heading":261},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fkeep-a-literature-review-current","How do I keep a literature review current over a multi-year PhD?",{"path":263,"heading":264},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fliterature-review-synthesis-or-summary","How do I know if my literature review is synthesis or just a summary?",{"path":266,"heading":267},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fliterature-review-too-descriptive","What does it mean when a supervisor says a literature review is too descriptive?",{"path":269,"heading":270},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fnarrative-scoping-or-systematic-review","What is the difference between a narrative literature review and a systematic review?",{"path":272,"heading":273},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Forganize-literature-review-by-argument","How do I organize a literature review by argument instead of by paper?",{"path":275,"heading":276},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Freview-that-leads-to-your-question","How do I write a literature review that leads logically to my research question?",{"path":278,"heading":279},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fscreening-abstracts-for-a-review","How do I screen hundreds of abstracts for a systematic review?",{"path":281,"heading":282},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fstudies-with-opposite-conclusions","What do I write when two studies on the same question reach opposite conclusions?",{"path":284,"heading":285},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fsynthesis-matrix-into-paragraphs","How do I turn a synthesis matrix into literature review paragraphs?",{"path":287,"heading":288},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fsystematic-review-search-strategy","How do I build a search strategy for a systematic review?",{"path":290,"heading":291},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fwhen-to-stop-searching-for-papers","How do I know when to stop searching for papers for a literature review?",{"path":293,"heading":294},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fphd-life\u002Fdefend-your-methodology-in-a-viva","How do I defend my methodology in a viva?",{"path":296,"heading":297},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fphd-life\u002Fimposter-syndrome-in-a-phd","How do I deal with imposter syndrome during a PhD?",{"path":299,"heading":300},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fphd-life\u002Fplan-a-realistic-phd-timeline","How do I plan a realistic PhD timeline?",{"path":302,"heading":303},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fphd-life\u002Fpostdoc-or-industry","Should I do a postdoc or go to industry after my PhD?",{"path":305,"heading":306},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fphd-life\u002Fprepare-for-a-phd-viva","How do I prepare for a PhD viva?",{"path":308,"heading":309},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fphd-life\u002Fstop-procrastinating-on-your-phd","How do I stop procrastinating on my PhD?",{"path":311,"heading":312},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fphd-life\u002Fwhat-happens-if-a-viva-goes-badly","What happens if you fail a PhD viva?",{"path":314,"heading":315},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fphd-life\u002Fwhen-your-supervisor-is-not-supportive","What do I do when my PhD supervisor is not supportive?",{"path":317,"heading":318},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fphd-life\u002Fwrite-an-academic-cv","How do I write an academic CV for a postdoc application?",{"path":109,"heading":110},{"path":143,"heading":144},{"path":148,"heading":149},{"path":127,"heading":128},{"path":87,"heading":75},{"path":132,"heading":133},{"path":118,"heading":119},{"path":137,"heading":138},{"path":114,"heading":115},{"path":123,"heading":124},{"path":330,"heading":331},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Ffind-the-paper-you-half-remember","How do I find a paper when I only remember the argument it made?",{"path":333,"heading":334},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Fhighlighting-pdfs-stops-working","Why can I never find my PDF highlights again?",{"path":336,"heading":337},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Fhow-many-papers-can-you-read-a-day","How many papers can a PhD student realistically read in a day?",{"path":339,"heading":340},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Fkeep-up-with-new-papers","How do I keep up with new papers without reading everything?",{"path":342,"heading":343},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Fnon-english-studies-in-a-review","How do I include non-English studies in a literature review?",{"path":345,"heading":346},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Fnote-system-takes-too-long","What do I do when my note-taking system takes longer than reading the papers?",{"path":348,"heading":349},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Forganize-100-papers","How do I organize and extract information from more than 100 papers?",{"path":351,"heading":352},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Freading-papers-in-a-second-language","How do I read research papers efficiently when English is my second language?",{"path":354,"heading":355},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Fremember-what-a-paper-said","How do I remember what was in papers I read months ago?",{"path":357,"heading":358},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Frestart-a-project-after-months-away","How do I get back into a research project after months away?",{"path":360,"heading":361},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Ftrack-connections-between-papers","How do I keep track of connections between papers?",{"path":363,"heading":364},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Ftriage-pdfs-before-reading","How do I triage 200 PDFs before deciding which ones to read in full?",{"path":366,"heading":367},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-data\u002Fanonymize-qualitative-data","How do I anonymize qualitative interview data?",{"path":369,"heading":370},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-data\u002Ffair-data-principles-in-practice","What are the FAIR data principles?",{"path":372,"heading":373},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-data\u002Forganize-research-data-files","How do I organize research data files?",{"path":375,"heading":376},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-data\u002Fwhat-preregistration-is","What is preregistration in research?",{"path":378,"heading":379},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-data\u002Fwrite-a-data-management-plan","How do I write a data management plan?",{"path":381,"heading":382},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-gaps\u002Fchoose-a-theoretical-framework","How do I choose a theoretical framework for my thesis?",{"path":384,"heading":385},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-gaps\u002Ffind-a-research-gap","How do I identify a research gap in the literature?",{"path":387,"heading":388},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-gaps\u002Fis-my-research-gap-original","How do I know if my research gap is original?",{"path":390,"heading":391},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-gaps\u002Fnarrow-a-broad-research-question","How do I narrow down a research question that is too broad?",{"path":393,"heading":394},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-gaps\u002Fresearch-question-changed-mid-phd","Can a research question change during a PhD?",{"path":396,"heading":397},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-gaps\u002Fresearch-question-or-hypothesis","What is the difference between a research question and a hypothesis?",{"path":399,"heading":400},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-gaps\u002Fturn-a-topic-into-a-research-question","How do I turn a research topic into a research question?",{"path":402,"heading":403},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-gaps\u002Fwhat-makes-a-good-research-question","What makes a good research question in a PhD thesis?",{"path":405,"heading":406},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-gaps\u002Fwrite-a-research-gap-statement","How do I write a research gap statement?",{"path":408,"heading":409},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-methods\u002Fchoose-a-statistical-test","How do I choose which statistical test to use?",{"path":411,"heading":412},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-methods\u002Fhow-many-interviews-is-enough","How many interviews are enough for a qualitative study?",{"path":414,"heading":415},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-methods\u002Fhow-to-do-thematic-analysis","How do I do thematic analysis step by step?",{"path":417,"heading":418},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-methods\u002Finductive-or-deductive-coding","What is the difference between inductive and deductive thematic analysis?",{"path":420,"heading":421},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-methods\u002Fintegrate-mixed-methods-data","How do I integrate qualitative and quantitative data in a mixed methods study?",{"path":423,"heading":424},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-methods\u002Frigour-in-qualitative-research","How do I show rigour in qualitative research?",{"path":426,"heading":427},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-methods\u002Fwhat-a-p-value-means","What does a p value actually mean?",{"path":429,"heading":430},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-methods\u002Fwork-out-your-sample-size","How do I calculate the sample size for a study?",1786014769483]