[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":431},["ShallowReactive",2],{"answers-\u002Fanswers\u002Fphd-life\u002Fprepare-for-a-phd-viva":3,"answers-cluster-phd-life":110,"answers-related-\u002Fanswers\u002Fphd-life\u002Fprepare-for-a-phd-viva":150},{"id":4,"title":5,"answer":6,"body":7,"cluster":72,"description":73,"extension":74,"faq":75,"heading":78,"intro":66,"kind":79,"meta":80,"navigation":81,"order":82,"outbound":83,"path":90,"primaryQuery":91,"product":92,"related":93,"seo":96,"sources":97,"stem":108,"updated":101,"__hash__":109},"answers\u002Fanswers\u002Fphd-life\u002Fprepare-for-a-phd-viva.md","How to Prepare for a PhD Viva","Reread the thesis with fresh eyes and a notebook, prepare answers to the eight questions almost every viva contains, read your examiners' relevant work, and do at least one mock viva with someone who will push back. Three to four weeks of intermittent preparation is enough for most people.",{"type":8,"value":9,"toc":65},"minimark",[10,14,17,20,23,26,29,32,37,40,43,46,49,53,56,59,62],[11,12,13],"p",{},"The single most useful preparation is rereading the thesis as a critic rather than as its author. Print it, read it over two or three days, and mark every place where you thought \"an examiner will ask about this\". Those marks are your preparation list, and it is almost always shorter than the anxiety suggests.",[11,15,16],{},"Then look up your examiners. Read their recent work in your area, and particularly anything your thesis cites, disagrees with, or should have cited. This is not about flattery. Examiners ask questions from where they stand, and knowing where that is turns unpredictable questions into expected ones.",[11,18,19],{},"Do a mock viva, ideally with someone who is not your supervisor, since supervisors know the work too well to ask the naive question that is hardest to answer. The value is not in the specific questions but in practising the experience of speaking about your work under pressure, which is a skill separate from having done the work.",[11,21,22],{},"Widen the rehearsal beyond one session. Marino and colleagues recommend practising the defence presentation in front of peers, asking them for feedback and for the questions they would ask, and treating talks at conferences or other research institutes as further practice, especially in front of audiences unfamiliar with your work (Marino et al., 2014, pp. 1-3). They also suggest asking postdocs, collaborators, or peers to read individual chapters for content and logical flow, which surfaces the structural questions an examiner will reach for.",[11,24,25],{},"Marino and colleagues also recommend a separate administrative pass, well before the examination. List what your institution requires, including certificates, credit points, seminar attendance, publications, deadlines, the number of thesis copies, formatting, binding, and supporting documents, then keep them in one folder and fix the thesis format early with a template (Marino et al., 2014, pp. 2-3). Check the current rules rather than reusing a file from someone who graduated two years ago.",[11,27,28],{},"Prepare a short opening summary and rehearse it aloud until it is comfortable. Many vivas begin with a version of \"tell us about your thesis\", and starting fluently changes the tone of the whole session.",[11,30,31],{},"Then stop. Preparation past a certain point becomes rumination, and arriving rested matters more than one more day of rereading. Take the day before off.",[33,34,36],"h2",{"id":35},"what-are-the-most-common-viva-questions","What are the most common viva questions?",[11,38,39],{},"Summarize your thesis in a few minutes. Why this question. Why this method rather than the obvious alternative. What is your original contribution. What would you do differently. What are the weaknesses. How does this relate to the wider literature. What next. Prepare all eight.",[11,41,42],{},"Write an answer to each, then reduce it to three bullet points. Full scripts are hard to deliver and easy to lose your place in. Bullets keep the structure and let you speak naturally.",[11,44,45],{},"The contribution question is the one that decides the outcome, and it is the one most candidates answer vaguely. Have a single sentence ready, then a longer version with the evidence.",[11,47,48],{},"Expect scepticism and prepare for it as a normal part of the work. Gu and Bourne describe criticism as the standard response to a new idea, and their advice is to build confidence through clear presentation and a broad knowledge of the related research rather than through defensiveness (Gu and Bourne, 2007, p. 2046). That maps directly onto the eight questions above. For each one, know the alternative the examiner is likely to name, and be able to say what the evidence shows, what remains interpretation, and what you would change.",[33,50,52],{"id":51},"how-long-does-a-viva-last","How long does a viva last?",[11,54,55],{},"Usually two to three hours, with wide variation by country and institution. Some run to four hours and a few finish inside ninety minutes. Length is a poor signal of how it is going, since a long viva often means the examiners are interested rather than dissatisfied.",[11,57,58],{},"The format varies too. In the UK it is a closed conversation with two examiners. In much of Europe and North America it is a public defence with a presentation and a larger committee. Find out which you are having and what the expectations are, because preparing for the wrong one is a real risk.",[11,60,61],{},"Treat published advice on graduate examinations as transferable rather than binding. Gu and Bourne write from more than 25 years of experience as students and mentors, and they state plainly that programme length, evaluation methods, and institutional structures differ across countries (Gu and Bourne, 2007, p. 2045). So confirm your own format, presentation requirements, permitted materials, and likely order of questioning with your supervisor or a recent graduate from your department, not with a guide written for a different system.",[11,63,64],{},"Take your annotated thesis, a notepad, water, and a list of your own corrections. Being able to say that you have already noticed an error, and where, is a good position to be in when an examiner raises it.",{"title":66,"searchDepth":67,"depth":67,"links":68},"",4,[69,71],{"id":35,"depth":70,"text":36},2,{"id":51,"depth":70,"text":52},"phd-life","What to do in the weeks before a PhD viva, the questions that come up in almost every one, how long a viva lasts, and what to take into the room.","md",[76,77],{"q":36,"a":39},{"q":52,"a":55},"How do I prepare for a PhD viva?","answer",{},true,1,[84,87],{"label":85,"to":86},"Version history and provenance","\u002Fdocs\u002Fworking-with-the-agent\u002Fversion-history-and-provenance",{"label":88,"to":89},"Imposter syndrome, and what the research says","\u002Fblog\u002Fimposter-syndrome-what-the-research-says","\u002Fanswers\u002Fphd-life\u002Fprepare-for-a-phd-viva","how to prepare for a phd viva",null,[94,95],"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fstructure-a-phd-thesis","\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-gaps\u002Fwhat-makes-a-good-research-question",{"title":5,"description":73},[98,102,105],{"label":99,"url":100,"checked":101},"Marino et al., Ten simple rules for finishing your PhD, PLoS Computational Biology (2014)","https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1371\u002Fjournal.pcbi.1003954","2026-08-06",{"label":103,"url":104,"checked":101},"Saccenti and Furlan, Ten simple rules to complete successfully a computational MSc thesis project, PLoS Computational Biology (2025)","https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1371\u002Fjournal.pcbi.1012756",{"label":106,"url":107,"checked":101},"Gu and Bourne, Ten simple rules for graduate students, PLoS Computational Biology (2007)","https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1371\u002Fjournal.pcbi.0030229","answers\u002Fphd-life\u002Fprepare-for-a-phd-viva","sUi9rGo22iezpAMeZeF3C7pcET_6vRSc0NwAKBE8L3Y",[111,112,116,121,125,130,135,140,145],{"path":90,"heading":78,"description":73,"order":82},{"path":113,"heading":114,"description":115,"order":70},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fphd-life\u002Fdefend-your-methodology-in-a-viva","How do I defend my methodology in a viva?","How to defend methodological choices under examination, what to say about a decision you would now make differently, and how to handle a question you cannot answer.",{"path":117,"heading":118,"description":119,"order":120},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fphd-life\u002Fwhat-happens-if-a-viva-goes-badly","What happens if you fail a PhD viva?","What the possible outcomes of a PhD viva actually mean, how common major corrections are, and what happens in the rare case of an outright fail.",3,{"path":122,"heading":123,"description":124,"order":67},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fphd-life\u002Fimposter-syndrome-in-a-phd","How do I deal with imposter syndrome during a PhD?","Why imposter feelings are so common in doctoral study, whether feeling like a fraud is normal, and which responses actually reduce it rather than feeding it.",{"path":126,"heading":127,"description":128,"order":129},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fphd-life\u002Fstop-procrastinating-on-your-phd","How do I stop procrastinating on my PhD?","Why research procrastination is different from ordinary procrastination, what usually causes it, and the smallest useful way to restart when nothing is moving.",5,{"path":131,"heading":132,"description":133,"order":134},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fphd-life\u002Fwhen-your-supervisor-is-not-supportive","What do I do when my PhD supervisor is not supportive?","What to do when supervision is not working, how to run a supervision meeting that produces something, and when changing supervisor is the right decision.",6,{"path":136,"heading":137,"description":138,"order":139},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fphd-life\u002Fplan-a-realistic-phd-timeline","How do I plan a realistic PhD timeline?","How to build a doctoral timeline you can actually keep, which stages reliably take longer than planned, and how to recover a schedule that has already slipped.",7,{"path":141,"heading":142,"description":143,"order":144},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fphd-life\u002Fwrite-an-academic-cv","How do I write an academic CV for a postdoc application?","What belongs in an academic CV for a postdoc application, what order the sections go in, and how to handle a thin publication list without apologizing for it.",8,{"path":146,"heading":147,"description":148,"order":149},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fphd-life\u002Fpostdoc-or-industry","Should I do a postdoc or go to industry after my PhD?","How to decide between a postdoc and an industry role after a doctorate, what the decision actually hinges on, and whether you can return to academia later.",9,[151,154,157,160,162,165,168,171,174,177,180,183,186,189,192,195,198,201,204,207,210,213,216,219,222,225,228,231,234,237,240,243,246,249,252,255,258,261,264,267,270,273,276,279,282,285,288,291,292,293,294,295,296,297,298,299,300,303,306,309,312,315,318,321,324,327,330,333,336,339,342,345,348,351,354,357,360,363,366,369,372,375,378,381,384,387,390,393,396,399,402,404,407,410,413,416,419,422,425,428],{"path":152,"heading":153},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fdraft-without-stopping-for-citations","How do I draft when I keep stopping to look up citations?",{"path":155,"heading":156},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fhow-long-should-a-literature-review-chapter-be","How long should a literature review chapter be?",{"path":158,"heading":159},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fparaphrase-without-plagiarizing","How do I paraphrase a source without plagiarizing?",{"path":94,"heading":161},"How do I structure a PhD thesis chapter by chapter?",{"path":163,"heading":164},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fthesis-by-publication-or-monograph","Should I do a thesis by publication or a monograph?",{"path":166,"heading":167},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fwrite-a-discussion-section","How do I write a discussion section without repeating the results?",{"path":169,"heading":170},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fwrite-a-methodology-chapter","How do I write a methodology chapter?",{"path":172,"heading":173},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fwrite-a-thesis-introduction","How do I write a thesis introduction?",{"path":175,"heading":176},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fwrite-an-abstract","How do I write an abstract for a research paper?",{"path":178,"heading":179},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fwrite-consistently-during-a-phd","How do I write consistently during a PhD?",{"path":181,"heading":182},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fai-for-systematic-review-screening","Can I use AI for screening in a systematic review?",{"path":184,"heading":185},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fare-ai-detectors-reliable","Are AI detectors reliable?",{"path":187,"heading":188},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fcan-an-ai-be-an-author","Can an AI tool be listed as an author on a paper?",{"path":190,"heading":191},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fcan-i-use-ai-for-a-literature-review","Can I use AI for a literature review?",{"path":193,"heading":194},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fcan-you-trust-an-ai-summary","Can I trust AI summaries of research papers?",{"path":196,"heading":197},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fdisclose-ai-use-in-a-paper","Do I need to disclose AI use in a research paper?",{"path":199,"heading":200},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fhow-to-cite-chatgpt","How do I cite ChatGPT in APA 7?",{"path":202,"heading":203},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fis-using-chatgpt-plagiarism","Is using ChatGPT for academic writing plagiarism?",{"path":205,"heading":206},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fusing-ai-in-a-phd-thesis","Can I use AI in a PhD thesis?",{"path":208,"heading":209},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fusing-ai-to-write-a-peer-review","Can I use AI to help write a peer review?",{"path":211,"heading":212},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fverify-ai-generated-citations","How do I check whether AI-generated citations are real?",{"path":214,"heading":215},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fwhy-ai-answers-better-on-your-own-pdfs","Why does an AI answer better when it reads my own PDFs?",{"path":217,"heading":218},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fwhy-chatgpt-invents-references","Why does ChatGPT make up references?",{"path":220,"heading":221},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fcheck-every-claim-against-its-citation","How do I check that every claim in my thesis is supported by its citation?",{"path":223,"heading":224},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fcite-the-paper-you-read-or-the-original","Should I cite the paper I read or the original study it references?",{"path":226,"heading":227},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fcited-source-does-not-say-that","What do I do when a paper's cited source does not support its claim?",{"path":229,"heading":230},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fciting-a-paper-you-cannot-access","Can I cite a paper I cannot get hold of?",{"path":232,"heading":233},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fciting-a-review-instead-of-the-original","Is citing a review instead of the original research bad practice?",{"path":235,"heading":236},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fdo-i-need-to-cite-everything","Do I need to cite absolutely everything in a thesis?",{"path":238,"heading":239},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fhow-much-self-citation","How much self-citation is acceptable?",{"path":241,"heading":242},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fjournal-page-number-or-pdf-page-number","Do I use the journal page number or the PDF page number in a citation?",{"path":244,"heading":245},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fquoting-a-source-in-another-language","How do I quote a source in another language in an English thesis?",{"path":247,"heading":248},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fwhere-does-the-citation-go","Where should a citation go when only one clause in a sentence needs support?",{"path":250,"heading":251},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fyou-described-a-result-too-broadly","How do I fix a sentence that describes a study's result too broadly?",{"path":253,"heading":254},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fzotero-or-mendeley","Should I use Zotero or Mendeley for a PhD?",{"path":256,"heading":257},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fbuild-a-synthesis-matrix","How do I build a synthesis matrix when my themes keep changing as I read?",{"path":259,"heading":260},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fkeep-a-literature-review-current","How do I keep a literature review current over a multi-year PhD?",{"path":262,"heading":263},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fliterature-review-synthesis-or-summary","How do I know if my literature review is synthesis or just a summary?",{"path":265,"heading":266},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fliterature-review-too-descriptive","What does it mean when a supervisor says a literature review is too descriptive?",{"path":268,"heading":269},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fnarrative-scoping-or-systematic-review","What is the difference between a narrative literature review and a systematic review?",{"path":271,"heading":272},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Forganize-literature-review-by-argument","How do I organize a literature review by argument instead of by paper?",{"path":274,"heading":275},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Freview-that-leads-to-your-question","How do I write a literature review that leads logically to my research question?",{"path":277,"heading":278},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fscreening-abstracts-for-a-review","How do I screen hundreds of abstracts for a systematic review?",{"path":280,"heading":281},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fstudies-with-opposite-conclusions","What do I write when two studies on the same question reach opposite conclusions?",{"path":283,"heading":284},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fsynthesis-matrix-into-paragraphs","How do I turn a synthesis matrix into literature review paragraphs?",{"path":286,"heading":287},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fsystematic-review-search-strategy","How do I build a search strategy for a systematic review?",{"path":289,"heading":290},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fwhen-to-stop-searching-for-papers","How do I know when to stop searching for papers for a literature review?",{"path":113,"heading":114},{"path":122,"heading":123},{"path":136,"heading":137},{"path":146,"heading":147},{"path":90,"heading":78},{"path":126,"heading":127},{"path":117,"heading":118},{"path":131,"heading":132},{"path":141,"heading":142},{"path":301,"heading":302},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Fchoose-a-journal","How do I choose a journal for my paper?",{"path":304,"heading":305},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Fdo-you-pay-to-publish-open-access","Do I have to pay to publish open access?",{"path":307,"heading":308},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Fhow-author-order-is-decided","How is author order decided on a paper?",{"path":310,"heading":311},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Fhow-peer-review-works","How does journal peer review actually work?",{"path":313,"heading":314},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Fhow-to-cite-a-preprint","How do I cite a preprint?",{"path":316,"heading":317},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Fjournal-submission-cover-letter","How do I write a cover letter for a journal submission?",{"path":319,"heading":320},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Frespond-to-reviewer-comments","How do I respond to peer reviewer comments?",{"path":322,"heading":323},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Fshould-you-post-a-preprint","Should I post my paper as a preprint?",{"path":325,"heading":326},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Fspot-a-predatory-journal","How do I tell if a journal is predatory?",{"path":328,"heading":329},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Fwhy-papers-get-desk-rejected","Why was my paper desk rejected?",{"path":331,"heading":332},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Ffind-the-paper-you-half-remember","How do I find a paper when I only remember the argument it made?",{"path":334,"heading":335},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Fhighlighting-pdfs-stops-working","Why can I never find my PDF highlights again?",{"path":337,"heading":338},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Fhow-many-papers-can-you-read-a-day","How many papers can a PhD student realistically read in a day?",{"path":340,"heading":341},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Fkeep-up-with-new-papers","How do I keep up with new papers without reading everything?",{"path":343,"heading":344},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Fnon-english-studies-in-a-review","How do I include non-English studies in a literature review?",{"path":346,"heading":347},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Fnote-system-takes-too-long","What do I do when my note-taking system takes longer than reading the papers?",{"path":349,"heading":350},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Forganize-100-papers","How do I organize and extract information from more than 100 papers?",{"path":352,"heading":353},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Freading-papers-in-a-second-language","How do I read research papers efficiently when English is my second language?",{"path":355,"heading":356},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Fremember-what-a-paper-said","How do I remember what was in papers I read months ago?",{"path":358,"heading":359},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Frestart-a-project-after-months-away","How do I get back into a research project after months away?",{"path":361,"heading":362},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Ftrack-connections-between-papers","How do I keep track of connections between papers?",{"path":364,"heading":365},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Ftriage-pdfs-before-reading","How do I triage 200 PDFs before deciding which ones to read in full?",{"path":367,"heading":368},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-data\u002Fanonymize-qualitative-data","How do I anonymize qualitative interview data?",{"path":370,"heading":371},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-data\u002Ffair-data-principles-in-practice","What are the FAIR data principles?",{"path":373,"heading":374},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-data\u002Forganize-research-data-files","How do I organize research data files?",{"path":376,"heading":377},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-data\u002Fwhat-preregistration-is","What is preregistration in research?",{"path":379,"heading":380},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-data\u002Fwrite-a-data-management-plan","How do I write a data management plan?",{"path":382,"heading":383},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-gaps\u002Fchoose-a-theoretical-framework","How do I choose a theoretical framework for my thesis?",{"path":385,"heading":386},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-gaps\u002Ffind-a-research-gap","How do I identify a research gap in the literature?",{"path":388,"heading":389},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-gaps\u002Fis-my-research-gap-original","How do I know if my research gap is original?",{"path":391,"heading":392},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-gaps\u002Fnarrow-a-broad-research-question","How do I narrow down a research question that is too broad?",{"path":394,"heading":395},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-gaps\u002Fresearch-question-changed-mid-phd","Can a research question change during a PhD?",{"path":397,"heading":398},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-gaps\u002Fresearch-question-or-hypothesis","What is the difference between a research question and a hypothesis?",{"path":400,"heading":401},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-gaps\u002Fturn-a-topic-into-a-research-question","How do I turn a research topic into a research question?",{"path":95,"heading":403},"What makes a good research question in a PhD thesis?",{"path":405,"heading":406},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-gaps\u002Fwrite-a-research-gap-statement","How do I write a research gap statement?",{"path":408,"heading":409},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-methods\u002Fchoose-a-statistical-test","How do I choose which statistical test to use?",{"path":411,"heading":412},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-methods\u002Fhow-many-interviews-is-enough","How many interviews are enough for a qualitative study?",{"path":414,"heading":415},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-methods\u002Fhow-to-do-thematic-analysis","How do I do thematic analysis step by step?",{"path":417,"heading":418},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-methods\u002Finductive-or-deductive-coding","What is the difference between inductive and deductive thematic analysis?",{"path":420,"heading":421},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-methods\u002Fintegrate-mixed-methods-data","How do I integrate qualitative and quantitative data in a mixed methods study?",{"path":423,"heading":424},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-methods\u002Frigour-in-qualitative-research","How do I show rigour in qualitative research?",{"path":426,"heading":427},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-methods\u002Fwhat-a-p-value-means","What does a p value actually mean?",{"path":429,"heading":430},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-methods\u002Fwork-out-your-sample-size","How do I calculate the sample size for a study?",1786014769687]