[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":440},["ShallowReactive",2],{"answers-\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fstudies-with-opposite-conclusions":3,"answers-cluster-literature-review":109,"answers-related-\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fstudies-with-opposite-conclusions":165},{"id":4,"title":5,"answer":6,"body":7,"cluster":69,"description":70,"extension":71,"faq":72,"heading":75,"intro":63,"kind":76,"meta":77,"navigation":78,"order":67,"outbound":79,"path":86,"primaryQuery":87,"product":88,"related":92,"seo":95,"sources":96,"stem":107,"updated":100,"__hash__":108},"answers\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fstudies-with-opposite-conclusions.md","When Two Studies Reach Opposite Conclusions","Treat the disagreement as your finding rather than an obstacle. State that the field is divided, then explain the division by comparing what the studies actually did: population, measure, time frame, analysis. Most contradictions in a literature dissolve into a boundary condition once you line the designs up.",{"type":8,"value":9,"toc":62},"minimark",[10,14,17,20,23,26,29,34,37,40,43,47,50,53,56,59],[11,12,13],"p",{},"The instinct is to hide the conflict, because a review that ends in \"the evidence is mixed\" feels like a failure to reach a conclusion. It is the opposite. A field where everything agrees needs no new study. Contradiction is where the research questions live, and an examiner reading your chapter is watching for whether you noticed.",[11,15,16],{},"Start by checking that the studies really do contradict each other. A surprising share of apparent conflicts are not conflicts at all. One study reports a statistically significant effect and another reports a non-significant one, which is not the same as one finding an effect and the other finding none. One measures attitudes and the other measures behavior. One follows participants for six months and the other for four years. Two results can both be correct and still point in opposite directions.",[11,18,19],{},"There is a published list of the differences worth checking. Carlson and colleagues name nation, design, intervention, subject population, study quality, enrollment size, and unusually favorable or influential outlier results as sources of variation between studies on one question (Carlson et al., 2023, p. 10). They also draw a line you should respect in your wording: saying the studies disagree describes the results, while saying the disagreement reflects differences in populations or methods is an interpretation you have to support from the designs themselves (Carlson et al., 2023, pp. 5-6).",[11,21,22],{},"When the conflict survives that check, put the designs next to each other and look for the difference that would explain it. Sample composition explains a great many. So does the outcome measure, the analysis strategy, the country, the decade, and whether the researchers had a stake in the result. Write the comparison out explicitly, because the reader cannot see the papers you are holding.",[11,24,25],{},"If a meta-analysis covers your question, read its heterogeneity reporting before you describe the conflict in your own words. Carlson and colleagues define statistical heterogeneity as variation among studies in the observed effects or in whether results reached significance, and they tell readers to inspect the Forest plot for whether the individual 95% confidence interval bars overlap and cross the line through the summary diamond (Carlson et al., 2023, p. 6). Where heterogeneity is substantial, a random effects model may fit better than a fixed effects one, and the authors may decide not to pool the studies at all (Carlson et al., 2023, p. 7). A refusal to pool is information about the field, and you can cite it as such.",[11,27,28],{},"The strongest paragraph you can write here does three things: it names the contradiction, it offers a candidate explanation grounded in the designs, and it says what evidence would decide the matter. That third move is often where your own study comes from.",[30,31,33],"h2",{"id":32},"do-conflicting-studies-belong-in-the-literature-review-or-the-discussion","Do conflicting studies belong in the literature review or the discussion?",[11,35,36],{},"Both, doing different jobs. In the review, the conflict is part of the state of the field and often the reason your study exists. In the discussion, you return to it and say what your own results imply about which account holds, or under what conditions each one does.",[11,38,39],{},"Keeping them separate matters because the two passages have different scope. The review states the disagreement as a fact about the literature and does not resolve it. The discussion is allowed to argue, because by then you have your own data on the table.",[11,41,42],{},"A common weakness is a review that resolves the conflict early, so the discussion has nothing left to do except repeat itself. Leave the question genuinely open in the chapter where it belongs open.",[30,44,46],{"id":45},"how-do-i-explain-contradictory-results-without-declaring-a-winner","How do I explain contradictory results without declaring a winner?",[11,48,49],{},"Describe the conditions under which each result was obtained and let the reader see the difference. Write that an effect appears in one setting and not another, and name what separates them. You are allowed to say the evidence does not currently settle the question.",[11,51,52],{},"The phrasing that does this work is conditional rather than evaluative. \"Reported in adolescent samples but not in adult ones\" is a finding. \"Alvarez is more convincing than Fenton\" is an opinion you have not earned unless you can point to a specific methodological reason and state it.",[11,54,55],{},"If one study is genuinely stronger, say why in terms a reader can check: larger sample, preregistered analysis, longer follow-up, independent replication. That is a judgment supported by evidence rather than a preference.",[11,57,58],{},"Design strength is a matter of degree, and Ioannidis puts numbers on it. Under those modelling assumptions, an adequately powered randomized controlled trial testing an intervention with a 50 percent pre-study chance of working is true about 85 percent of the time, an underpowered early phase trial with bias can be true one time in four or less, a well powered exploratory epidemiological finding has about a one in five chance of being true when true relationships are outnumbered ten to one, and a meta-analysis that pools inconclusive studies to compensate for low power is probably false at a ratio of 1 to 3 (Ioannidis, 2005, pp. 699-700). Those figures are illustrative rather than universal, so use them to justify phrases like the evidence remains uncertain or the result requires replication, not to declare either study false. Ioannidis argues for the same reason that conclusions should reflect the totality of evidence rather than one team's significant result, and that even established findings can fail confirmation in large replication studies (Ioannidis, 2005, p. 701).",[11,60,61],{},"If your studies are qualitative, the comparison runs on context rather than effect sizes. Thomas and Harden keep each study's aims, methods, methodological quality, setting, and sample visible in the synthesis so a reader can judge whether a theme transfers (Thomas and Harden, 2008, pp. 7-8). They also recommend attending to agreement and disagreement between studies, deliberately looking for negative cases, and seeking maximum variability, while noting that the practical use of these principles is still uncertain (Thomas and Harden, 2008, p. 3). In their own review they compared boys and girls and found no theme belonging only to one group, but they report that thin contextual reporting in the source papers made that judgment hard (Thomas and Harden, 2008, pp. 7-8). If the papers you are comparing say little about their settings, say that too, because it limits what any contradiction between them can mean.",{"title":63,"searchDepth":64,"depth":64,"links":65},"",4,[66,68],{"id":32,"depth":67,"text":33},2,{"id":45,"depth":67,"text":46},"literature-review","What to write when the evidence contradicts itself, whether the disagreement belongs in the review or the discussion, and how to analyze it without picking a winner.","md",[73,74],{"q":33,"a":36},{"q":46,"a":49},"What do I write when two studies on the same question reach opposite conclusions?","answer",{},true,[80,83],{"label":81,"to":82},"Comparative analysis as a workflow","\u002Fdocs\u002Fresearch-workflows\u002Fcomparative-analysis",{"label":84,"to":85},"What separates AI research tools","\u002Fblog\u002Fwhat-separates-ai-research-tools","\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fstudies-with-opposite-conclusions","what do i write when two studies reach opposite conclusions",{"text":89,"to":90,"label":91},"When the papers in your library disagree, Agent Bayes puts the competing positions side by side as separate claims, each carrying its own evidence, rather than merging them into a single averaged sentence. You can then ask for a cited prose discussion that walks through each position and shows where the evidence actually diverges.","\u002Ffeatures","See how disagreement is preserved",[93,94],"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fcited-source-does-not-say-that","\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fwrite-a-discussion-section",{"title":5,"description":70},[97,101,104],{"label":98,"url":99,"checked":100},"Ioannidis, Why most published research findings are false, PLoS Medicine (2005)","https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1371\u002Fjournal.pmed.0020124","2026-08-06",{"label":102,"url":103,"checked":100},"Carlson et al., Ten simple rules for interpreting and evaluating a meta-analysis, PLoS Computational Biology (2023)","https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1371\u002Fjournal.pcbi.1011461",{"label":105,"url":106,"checked":100},"Thomas and Harden, Methods for the thematic synthesis of qualitative research in systematic reviews, BMC Medical Research Methodology (2008)","https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1186\u002F1471-2288-8-45","answers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fstudies-with-opposite-conclusions","S-MOASUEeUMKd3P8IWf4LDUg95At7HNmmXgeLd2dL-g",[110,115,116,121,125,130,135,140,145,150,155,160],{"path":111,"heading":112,"description":113,"order":114},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fliterature-review-synthesis-or-summary","How do I know if my literature review is synthesis or just a summary?","How to tell a summarizing literature review from a synthesizing one, what a synthesis paragraph actually looks like, and how to rebuild a chapter that lists authors.",1,{"path":86,"heading":75,"description":70,"order":67},{"path":117,"heading":118,"description":119,"order":120},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Forganize-literature-review-by-argument","How do I organize a literature review by argument instead of by paper?","How to structure a review chapter around claims instead of sources, how to find the themes when every paper looks different, and whether to order it thematically.",3,{"path":122,"heading":123,"description":124,"order":64},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fwhen-to-stop-searching-for-papers","How do I know when to stop searching for papers for a literature review?","How to know your literature search is finished, how many papers a review actually needs, and what stopping rule you can defend in a methods section.",{"path":126,"heading":127,"description":128,"order":129},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fbuild-a-synthesis-matrix","How do I build a synthesis matrix when my themes keep changing as I read?","How to build a literature synthesis matrix when your themes keep changing, which way round the rows and columns go, and how much to write in each cell.",5,{"path":131,"heading":132,"description":133,"order":134},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fsynthesis-matrix-into-paragraphs","How do I turn a synthesis matrix into literature review paragraphs?","How to get from a completed synthesis matrix to written literature review paragraphs, the shape of a good synthesis paragraph, and how many sources belong in one.",6,{"path":136,"heading":137,"description":138,"order":139},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fliterature-review-too-descriptive","What does it mean when a supervisor says a literature review is too descriptive?","What supervisors mean when they call a literature review too descriptive, how to add critique without inserting opinion, and which sentences signal analysis.",7,{"path":141,"heading":142,"description":143,"order":144},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fkeep-a-literature-review-current","How do I keep a literature review current over a multi-year PhD?","How to stop a review chapter going stale across a long PhD, how often to rerun searches, and how to update the chapter before submission without rewriting it.",8,{"path":146,"heading":147,"description":148,"order":149},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fnarrative-scoping-or-systematic-review","What is the difference between a narrative literature review and a systematic review?","The real difference between a narrative literature review and a systematic review, when a scoping review fits better, and whether a thesis chapter needs PRISMA.",9,{"path":151,"heading":152,"description":153,"order":154},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fsystematic-review-search-strategy","How do I build a search strategy for a systematic review?","How to build a systematic review search strategy, how to decide which databases to search, and how to document a search so another researcher could repeat it.",10,{"path":156,"heading":157,"description":158,"order":159},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fscreening-abstracts-for-a-review","How do I screen hundreds of abstracts for a systematic review?","How to screen hundreds of abstracts for a review, what makes an inclusion criterion usable, and what to do when two screeners disagree about a paper.",11,{"path":161,"heading":162,"description":163,"order":164},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Freview-that-leads-to-your-question","How do I write a literature review that leads logically to my research question?","How to write a literature review that arrives at your research question, how to show a gap without dismissing other people's work, and where the gap statement goes.",12,[166,169,172,175,178,181,183,186,189,192,195,198,201,204,207,210,213,216,219,222,225,228,231,234,237,240,242,245,248,251,254,257,260,263,266,269,270,271,272,273,274,275,276,277,278,279,280,281,284,287,290,293,296,299,302,305,308,311,314,317,320,323,326,329,332,335,338,341,344,347,350,353,356,359,362,365,368,371,374,377,380,383,386,389,392,395,398,401,404,407,410,413,416,419,422,425,428,431,434,437],{"path":167,"heading":168},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fdraft-without-stopping-for-citations","How do I draft when I keep stopping to look up citations?",{"path":170,"heading":171},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fhow-long-should-a-literature-review-chapter-be","How long should a literature review chapter be?",{"path":173,"heading":174},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fparaphrase-without-plagiarizing","How do I paraphrase a source without plagiarizing?",{"path":176,"heading":177},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fstructure-a-phd-thesis","How do I structure a PhD thesis chapter by chapter?",{"path":179,"heading":180},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fthesis-by-publication-or-monograph","Should I do a thesis by publication or a monograph?",{"path":94,"heading":182},"How do I write a discussion section without repeating the results?",{"path":184,"heading":185},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fwrite-a-methodology-chapter","How do I write a methodology chapter?",{"path":187,"heading":188},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fwrite-a-thesis-introduction","How do I write a thesis introduction?",{"path":190,"heading":191},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fwrite-an-abstract","How do I write an abstract for a research paper?",{"path":193,"heading":194},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fwrite-consistently-during-a-phd","How do I write consistently during a PhD?",{"path":196,"heading":197},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fai-for-systematic-review-screening","Can I use AI for screening in a systematic review?",{"path":199,"heading":200},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fare-ai-detectors-reliable","Are AI detectors reliable?",{"path":202,"heading":203},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fcan-an-ai-be-an-author","Can an AI tool be listed as an author on a paper?",{"path":205,"heading":206},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fcan-i-use-ai-for-a-literature-review","Can I use AI for a literature review?",{"path":208,"heading":209},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fcan-you-trust-an-ai-summary","Can I trust AI summaries of research papers?",{"path":211,"heading":212},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fdisclose-ai-use-in-a-paper","Do I need to disclose AI use in a research paper?",{"path":214,"heading":215},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fhow-to-cite-chatgpt","How do I cite ChatGPT in APA 7?",{"path":217,"heading":218},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fis-using-chatgpt-plagiarism","Is using ChatGPT for academic writing plagiarism?",{"path":220,"heading":221},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fusing-ai-in-a-phd-thesis","Can I use AI in a PhD thesis?",{"path":223,"heading":224},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fusing-ai-to-write-a-peer-review","Can I use AI to help write a peer review?",{"path":226,"heading":227},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fverify-ai-generated-citations","How do I check whether AI-generated citations are real?",{"path":229,"heading":230},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fwhy-ai-answers-better-on-your-own-pdfs","Why does an AI answer better when it reads my own PDFs?",{"path":232,"heading":233},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fwhy-chatgpt-invents-references","Why does ChatGPT make up references?",{"path":235,"heading":236},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fcheck-every-claim-against-its-citation","How do I check that every claim in my thesis is supported by its citation?",{"path":238,"heading":239},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fcite-the-paper-you-read-or-the-original","Should I cite the paper I read or the original study it references?",{"path":93,"heading":241},"What do I do when a paper's cited source does not support its claim?",{"path":243,"heading":244},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fciting-a-paper-you-cannot-access","Can I cite a paper I cannot get hold of?",{"path":246,"heading":247},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fciting-a-review-instead-of-the-original","Is citing a review instead of the original research bad practice?",{"path":249,"heading":250},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fdo-i-need-to-cite-everything","Do I need to cite absolutely everything in a thesis?",{"path":252,"heading":253},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fhow-much-self-citation","How much self-citation is acceptable?",{"path":255,"heading":256},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fjournal-page-number-or-pdf-page-number","Do I use the journal page number or the PDF page number in a citation?",{"path":258,"heading":259},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fquoting-a-source-in-another-language","How do I quote a source in another language in an English thesis?",{"path":261,"heading":262},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fwhere-does-the-citation-go","Where should a citation go when only one clause in a sentence needs support?",{"path":264,"heading":265},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fyou-described-a-result-too-broadly","How do I fix a sentence that describes a study's result too broadly?",{"path":267,"heading":268},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fzotero-or-mendeley","Should I use Zotero or Mendeley for a PhD?",{"path":126,"heading":127},{"path":141,"heading":142},{"path":111,"heading":112},{"path":136,"heading":137},{"path":146,"heading":147},{"path":117,"heading":118},{"path":161,"heading":162},{"path":156,"heading":157},{"path":86,"heading":75},{"path":131,"heading":132},{"path":151,"heading":152},{"path":122,"heading":123},{"path":282,"heading":283},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fphd-life\u002Fdefend-your-methodology-in-a-viva","How do I defend my methodology in a viva?",{"path":285,"heading":286},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fphd-life\u002Fimposter-syndrome-in-a-phd","How do I deal with imposter syndrome during a PhD?",{"path":288,"heading":289},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fphd-life\u002Fplan-a-realistic-phd-timeline","How do I plan a realistic PhD timeline?",{"path":291,"heading":292},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fphd-life\u002Fpostdoc-or-industry","Should I do a postdoc or go to industry after my PhD?",{"path":294,"heading":295},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fphd-life\u002Fprepare-for-a-phd-viva","How do I prepare for a PhD viva?",{"path":297,"heading":298},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fphd-life\u002Fstop-procrastinating-on-your-phd","How do I stop procrastinating on my PhD?",{"path":300,"heading":301},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fphd-life\u002Fwhat-happens-if-a-viva-goes-badly","What happens if you fail a PhD viva?",{"path":303,"heading":304},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fphd-life\u002Fwhen-your-supervisor-is-not-supportive","What do I do when my PhD supervisor is not supportive?",{"path":306,"heading":307},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fphd-life\u002Fwrite-an-academic-cv","How do I write an academic CV for a postdoc application?",{"path":309,"heading":310},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Fchoose-a-journal","How do I choose a journal for my paper?",{"path":312,"heading":313},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Fdo-you-pay-to-publish-open-access","Do I have to pay to publish open access?",{"path":315,"heading":316},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Fhow-author-order-is-decided","How is author order decided on a paper?",{"path":318,"heading":319},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Fhow-peer-review-works","How does journal peer review actually work?",{"path":321,"heading":322},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Fhow-to-cite-a-preprint","How do I cite a preprint?",{"path":324,"heading":325},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Fjournal-submission-cover-letter","How do I write a cover letter for a journal submission?",{"path":327,"heading":328},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Frespond-to-reviewer-comments","How do I respond to peer reviewer comments?",{"path":330,"heading":331},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Fshould-you-post-a-preprint","Should I post my paper as a preprint?",{"path":333,"heading":334},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Fspot-a-predatory-journal","How do I tell if a journal is predatory?",{"path":336,"heading":337},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Fwhy-papers-get-desk-rejected","Why was my paper desk rejected?",{"path":339,"heading":340},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Ffind-the-paper-you-half-remember","How do I find a paper when I only remember the argument it made?",{"path":342,"heading":343},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Fhighlighting-pdfs-stops-working","Why can I never find my PDF highlights again?",{"path":345,"heading":346},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Fhow-many-papers-can-you-read-a-day","How many papers can a PhD student realistically read in a day?",{"path":348,"heading":349},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Fkeep-up-with-new-papers","How do I keep up with new papers without reading everything?",{"path":351,"heading":352},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Fnon-english-studies-in-a-review","How do I include non-English studies in a literature review?",{"path":354,"heading":355},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Fnote-system-takes-too-long","What do I do when my note-taking system takes longer than reading the papers?",{"path":357,"heading":358},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Forganize-100-papers","How do I organize and extract information from more than 100 papers?",{"path":360,"heading":361},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Freading-papers-in-a-second-language","How do I read research papers efficiently when English is my second language?",{"path":363,"heading":364},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Fremember-what-a-paper-said","How do I remember what was in papers I read months ago?",{"path":366,"heading":367},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Frestart-a-project-after-months-away","How do I get back into a research project after months away?",{"path":369,"heading":370},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Ftrack-connections-between-papers","How do I keep track of connections between papers?",{"path":372,"heading":373},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Ftriage-pdfs-before-reading","How do I triage 200 PDFs before deciding which ones to read in full?",{"path":375,"heading":376},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-data\u002Fanonymize-qualitative-data","How do I anonymize qualitative interview data?",{"path":378,"heading":379},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-data\u002Ffair-data-principles-in-practice","What are the FAIR data principles?",{"path":381,"heading":382},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-data\u002Forganize-research-data-files","How do I organize research data files?",{"path":384,"heading":385},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-data\u002Fwhat-preregistration-is","What is preregistration in research?",{"path":387,"heading":388},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-data\u002Fwrite-a-data-management-plan","How do I write a data management plan?",{"path":390,"heading":391},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-gaps\u002Fchoose-a-theoretical-framework","How do I choose a theoretical framework for my thesis?",{"path":393,"heading":394},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-gaps\u002Ffind-a-research-gap","How do I identify a research gap in the literature?",{"path":396,"heading":397},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-gaps\u002Fis-my-research-gap-original","How do I know if my research gap is original?",{"path":399,"heading":400},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-gaps\u002Fnarrow-a-broad-research-question","How do I narrow down a research question that is too broad?",{"path":402,"heading":403},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-gaps\u002Fresearch-question-changed-mid-phd","Can a research question change during a PhD?",{"path":405,"heading":406},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-gaps\u002Fresearch-question-or-hypothesis","What is the difference between a research question and a hypothesis?",{"path":408,"heading":409},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-gaps\u002Fturn-a-topic-into-a-research-question","How do I turn a research topic into a research question?",{"path":411,"heading":412},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-gaps\u002Fwhat-makes-a-good-research-question","What makes a good research question in a PhD thesis?",{"path":414,"heading":415},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-gaps\u002Fwrite-a-research-gap-statement","How do I write a research gap statement?",{"path":417,"heading":418},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-methods\u002Fchoose-a-statistical-test","How do I choose which statistical test to use?",{"path":420,"heading":421},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-methods\u002Fhow-many-interviews-is-enough","How many interviews are enough for a qualitative study?",{"path":423,"heading":424},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-methods\u002Fhow-to-do-thematic-analysis","How do I do thematic analysis step by step?",{"path":426,"heading":427},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-methods\u002Finductive-or-deductive-coding","What is the difference between inductive and deductive thematic analysis?",{"path":429,"heading":430},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-methods\u002Fintegrate-mixed-methods-data","How do I integrate qualitative and quantitative data in a mixed methods study?",{"path":432,"heading":433},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-methods\u002Frigour-in-qualitative-research","How do I show rigour in qualitative research?",{"path":435,"heading":436},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-methods\u002Fwhat-a-p-value-means","What does a p value actually mean?",{"path":438,"heading":439},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-methods\u002Fwork-out-your-sample-size","How do I calculate the sample size for a study?",1786014767345]