[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":440},["ShallowReactive",2],{"answers-\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fscreening-abstracts-for-a-review":3,"answers-cluster-literature-review":110,"answers-related-\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fscreening-abstracts-for-a-review":165},{"id":4,"title":5,"answer":6,"body":7,"cluster":69,"description":70,"extension":71,"faq":72,"heading":75,"intro":63,"kind":76,"meta":77,"navigation":78,"order":79,"outbound":80,"path":87,"primaryQuery":88,"product":89,"related":93,"seo":96,"sources":97,"stem":108,"updated":101,"__hash__":109},"answers\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fscreening-abstracts-for-a-review.md","Screening Abstracts Without Losing Track","Screen in two passes. First pass on title and abstract only, deciding include or exclude with no middle category, erring towards include when unsure. Second pass on full text, where exclusions must be recorded with a reason. Trying to make the final decision from an abstract is what makes screening slow.",{"type":8,"value":9,"toc":62},"minimark",[10,14,17,20,23,26,29,32,35,40,43,46,49,53,56,59],[11,12,13],"p",{},"Screening is boring in a way that produces errors. Attention drops after about an hour, and the failure mode is not random: tired screeners start including things to avoid the decision, which pushes the work into the full-text stage where it costs far more. Work in blocks of forty-five minutes to an hour and stop even when it feels like you could continue.",[11,15,16],{},"The error rate is measurable, so plan for it. Wang et al. checked 329,332 abstract-screening decisions made by 85 reviewers across 25 systematic reviews covering nine clinical areas, and found that 10.76 percent of decisions were false inclusions or false exclusions, ranging from 5.76 percent to 21.11 percent depending on the area and the type of question (Wang et al., 2020, p. 4). Assume roughly a tenth of your own calls are wrong and build a process that catches them, rather than one that assumes a careful screener does not make them.",[11,18,19],{},"The two-pass structure works because the first pass is supposed to over-include. In the same sample, 18.07 percent of retrieved records passed abstract screening but only 5.48 percent survived full text and entered the review (Wang et al., 2020, p. 4). That gap is the cost of keeping uncertain records alive, and it is the cheaper error when missing a relevant study would damage the review. The authors do not test any particular threshold for deciding what counts as uncertain, so that judgement stays yours.",[11,21,22],{},"Deduplicate before you start. Exports from three databases will overlap heavily, and screening the same record three times wastes effort and produces inconsistent decisions on the same paper. Any reference manager will do this, and it is worth checking the results by hand, since near-duplicates with different metadata often survive automatic matching.",[11,24,25],{},"Order matters more than people expect. Screening in a random order rather than by database keeps you from calibrating differently on different sources. Screening the same records in the same order as your co-screener makes disagreements easier to discuss.",[11,27,28],{},"Keep a decision log from the first record, not from the point where you realize you need one. For every exclusion at full text you will need a reason, and the reasons have to be from a fixed list rather than freely written, or the counts in your report will not add up.",[11,30,31],{},"The log has to cover the process, not only the records. PRISMA 2020 asks you to report how many reviewers screened each record and each report, whether they worked independently, and what automation tools were used in the process (Page et al., 2021, p. 6). Note those three things at the start, because reconstructing them from memory at writing-up time is how single-screener projects end up describing themselves inaccurately.",[11,33,34],{},"If you are considering a screening tool, treat it as something to evaluate on your own records. Du et al. framed abstract screening as a binary classification problem and compared machine-learning and deep-learning models by precision, recall, accuracy, and F1-score on two corpora, one of 1,697 citations with 538 included and one of 2,865 citations with 711 included (Du et al., 2024, pp. 1, 3). Both corpora were clinical, covering HPV prevalence in head and neck squamous-cell carcinomas and pneumococcal disease in children, so the reported performance says little about a humanities or social-science corpus. Wang et al. make the opposite-facing point, that since human decisions already carry substantial error, a tool with a comparable error rate may be acceptable and save time (Wang et al., 2020, p. 6). They also warn that some of what looks like reviewer error may be incomplete abstract reporting instead (Wang et al., 2020, pp. 5-6).",[36,37,39],"h2",{"id":38},"what-makes-a-good-inclusion-and-exclusion-criterion","What makes a good inclusion and exclusion criterion?",[11,41,42],{},"One that two people applying it to the same abstract reach the same answer on. Test yours on twenty records before starting properly. If agreement is poor, the criterion is vague rather than the screeners careless, and rewriting it now saves reconciling hundreds of disagreements later.",[11,44,45],{},"The words that cause trouble are the ones that sound precise and are not. \"Adult\", \"recent\", \"large sample\", \"relevant setting\" all need numbers or lists behind them. Write the criterion as something you could hand to a stranger.",[11,47,48],{},"Write exclusions as an ordered list too, since a record can fail several criteria and you need to report a single reason. Applying them in a fixed order makes that decision automatic instead of arbitrary.",[36,50,52],{"id":51},"what-do-i-do-when-two-screeners-disagree","What do I do when two screeners disagree?",[11,54,55],{},"Discuss the record against the written criterion, not against intuition, and either agree or refine the criterion and reapply it to everything already screened. A third person breaks genuine ties. Record how many disagreements arose, since that number tells a reader how reliable the screening was.",[11,57,58],{},"Refining mid-screen is allowed and often necessary. What is not allowed is refining silently. Note the change, the date, and the fact that earlier records were rescreened against the new wording, because a criterion that shifted halfway through without correction makes the whole set inconsistent.",[11,60,61],{},"If you are screening alone, which many doctoral students are, do not pretend otherwise. Screen a random ten percent twice, weeks apart, report the agreement between your own two passes, and state the single-screener limitation plainly.",{"title":63,"searchDepth":64,"depth":64,"links":65},"",4,[66,68],{"id":38,"depth":67,"text":39},2,{"id":51,"depth":67,"text":52},"literature-review","How to screen hundreds of abstracts for a review, what makes an inclusion criterion usable, and what to do when two screeners disagree about a paper.","md",[73,74],{"q":39,"a":42},{"q":52,"a":55},"How do I screen hundreds of abstracts for a systematic review?","answer",{},true,11,[81,84],{"label":82,"to":83},"Corpus filters and reproducible retrieval","\u002Fdocs\u002Fcore-concepts\u002Frag-and-retrieval",{"label":85,"to":86},"The literature review workflow","\u002Fdocs\u002Fresearch-workflows\u002Fliterature-review","\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fscreening-abstracts-for-a-review","how to screen hundreds of abstracts for a systematic review",{"text":90,"to":91,"label":92},"Once a screened set is indexed in Agent Bayes you can tag the included papers and scope every later search to that tag, so retrieval stays inside the corpus your protocol defined. The same filters apply to your own searches and to the agent's, which keeps the evidence base consistent.","\u002Fdocs\u002Fcore-concepts\u002Flabeled-items","How tags scope retrieval",[94,95],"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fai-for-systematic-review-screening","\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Ftriage-pdfs-before-reading",{"title":5,"description":70},[98,102,105],{"label":99,"url":100,"checked":101},"Wang et al., Error rates of human reviewers during abstract screening in systematic reviews, PLoS One (2020)","https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1371\u002Fjournal.pone.0227742","2026-08-06",{"label":103,"url":104,"checked":101},"Du et al., Machine learning models for abstract screening task - A systematic literature review application for health economics and outcome research, BMC Medical Research Methodology (2024)","https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1186\u002Fs12874-024-02224-3",{"label":106,"url":107,"checked":101},"Page et al., The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews, PLoS Medicine (2021)","https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1371\u002Fjournal.pmed.1003583","answers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fscreening-abstracts-for-a-review","DKJ6cPP_1sC49kY0zYWnAa0FK9SsXfviOp_WS0MK3rc",[111,116,120,125,129,134,139,144,149,154,159,160],{"path":112,"heading":113,"description":114,"order":115},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fliterature-review-synthesis-or-summary","How do I know if my literature review is synthesis or just a summary?","How to tell a summarizing literature review from a synthesizing one, what a synthesis paragraph actually looks like, and how to rebuild a chapter that lists authors.",1,{"path":117,"heading":118,"description":119,"order":67},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fstudies-with-opposite-conclusions","What do I write when two studies on the same question reach opposite conclusions?","What to write when the evidence contradicts itself, whether the disagreement belongs in the review or the discussion, and how to analyze it without picking a winner.",{"path":121,"heading":122,"description":123,"order":124},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Forganize-literature-review-by-argument","How do I organize a literature review by argument instead of by paper?","How to structure a review chapter around claims instead of sources, how to find the themes when every paper looks different, and whether to order it thematically.",3,{"path":126,"heading":127,"description":128,"order":64},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fwhen-to-stop-searching-for-papers","How do I know when to stop searching for papers for a literature review?","How to know your literature search is finished, how many papers a review actually needs, and what stopping rule you can defend in a methods section.",{"path":130,"heading":131,"description":132,"order":133},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fbuild-a-synthesis-matrix","How do I build a synthesis matrix when my themes keep changing as I read?","How to build a literature synthesis matrix when your themes keep changing, which way round the rows and columns go, and how much to write in each cell.",5,{"path":135,"heading":136,"description":137,"order":138},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fsynthesis-matrix-into-paragraphs","How do I turn a synthesis matrix into literature review paragraphs?","How to get from a completed synthesis matrix to written literature review paragraphs, the shape of a good synthesis paragraph, and how many sources belong in one.",6,{"path":140,"heading":141,"description":142,"order":143},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fliterature-review-too-descriptive","What does it mean when a supervisor says a literature review is too descriptive?","What supervisors mean when they call a literature review too descriptive, how to add critique without inserting opinion, and which sentences signal analysis.",7,{"path":145,"heading":146,"description":147,"order":148},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fkeep-a-literature-review-current","How do I keep a literature review current over a multi-year PhD?","How to stop a review chapter going stale across a long PhD, how often to rerun searches, and how to update the chapter before submission without rewriting it.",8,{"path":150,"heading":151,"description":152,"order":153},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fnarrative-scoping-or-systematic-review","What is the difference between a narrative literature review and a systematic review?","The real difference between a narrative literature review and a systematic review, when a scoping review fits better, and whether a thesis chapter needs PRISMA.",9,{"path":155,"heading":156,"description":157,"order":158},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fsystematic-review-search-strategy","How do I build a search strategy for a systematic review?","How to build a systematic review search strategy, how to decide which databases to search, and how to document a search so another researcher could repeat it.",10,{"path":87,"heading":75,"description":70,"order":79},{"path":161,"heading":162,"description":163,"order":164},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Freview-that-leads-to-your-question","How do I write a literature review that leads logically to my research question?","How to write a literature review that arrives at your research question, how to show a gap without dismissing other people's work, and where the gap statement goes.",12,[166,169,172,175,178,181,184,187,190,193,196,198,201,204,207,210,213,216,219,222,225,228,231,234,237,240,243,246,249,252,255,258,261,264,267,270,271,272,273,274,275,276,277,278,279,280,281,282,285,288,291,294,297,300,303,306,309,312,315,318,321,324,327,330,333,336,339,342,345,348,351,354,357,360,363,366,369,372,374,377,380,383,386,389,392,395,398,401,404,407,410,413,416,419,422,425,428,431,434,437],{"path":167,"heading":168},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fdraft-without-stopping-for-citations","How do I draft when I keep stopping to look up citations?",{"path":170,"heading":171},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fhow-long-should-a-literature-review-chapter-be","How long should a literature review chapter be?",{"path":173,"heading":174},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fparaphrase-without-plagiarizing","How do I paraphrase a source without plagiarizing?",{"path":176,"heading":177},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fstructure-a-phd-thesis","How do I structure a PhD thesis chapter by chapter?",{"path":179,"heading":180},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fthesis-by-publication-or-monograph","Should I do a thesis by publication or a monograph?",{"path":182,"heading":183},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fwrite-a-discussion-section","How do I write a discussion section without repeating the results?",{"path":185,"heading":186},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fwrite-a-methodology-chapter","How do I write a methodology chapter?",{"path":188,"heading":189},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fwrite-a-thesis-introduction","How do I write a thesis introduction?",{"path":191,"heading":192},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fwrite-an-abstract","How do I write an abstract for a research paper?",{"path":194,"heading":195},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fwrite-consistently-during-a-phd","How do I write consistently during a PhD?",{"path":94,"heading":197},"Can I use AI for screening in a systematic review?",{"path":199,"heading":200},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fare-ai-detectors-reliable","Are AI detectors reliable?",{"path":202,"heading":203},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fcan-an-ai-be-an-author","Can an AI tool be listed as an author on a paper?",{"path":205,"heading":206},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fcan-i-use-ai-for-a-literature-review","Can I use AI for a literature review?",{"path":208,"heading":209},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fcan-you-trust-an-ai-summary","Can I trust AI summaries of research papers?",{"path":211,"heading":212},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fdisclose-ai-use-in-a-paper","Do I need to disclose AI use in a research paper?",{"path":214,"heading":215},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fhow-to-cite-chatgpt","How do I cite ChatGPT in APA 7?",{"path":217,"heading":218},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fis-using-chatgpt-plagiarism","Is using ChatGPT for academic writing plagiarism?",{"path":220,"heading":221},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fusing-ai-in-a-phd-thesis","Can I use AI in a PhD thesis?",{"path":223,"heading":224},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fusing-ai-to-write-a-peer-review","Can I use AI to help write a peer review?",{"path":226,"heading":227},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fverify-ai-generated-citations","How do I check whether AI-generated citations are real?",{"path":229,"heading":230},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fwhy-ai-answers-better-on-your-own-pdfs","Why does an AI answer better when it reads my own PDFs?",{"path":232,"heading":233},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fwhy-chatgpt-invents-references","Why does ChatGPT make up references?",{"path":235,"heading":236},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fcheck-every-claim-against-its-citation","How do I check that every claim in my thesis is supported by its citation?",{"path":238,"heading":239},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fcite-the-paper-you-read-or-the-original","Should I cite the paper I read or the original study it references?",{"path":241,"heading":242},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fcited-source-does-not-say-that","What do I do when a paper's cited source does not support its claim?",{"path":244,"heading":245},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fciting-a-paper-you-cannot-access","Can I cite a paper I cannot get hold of?",{"path":247,"heading":248},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fciting-a-review-instead-of-the-original","Is citing a review instead of the original research bad practice?",{"path":250,"heading":251},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fdo-i-need-to-cite-everything","Do I need to cite absolutely everything in a thesis?",{"path":253,"heading":254},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fhow-much-self-citation","How much self-citation is acceptable?",{"path":256,"heading":257},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fjournal-page-number-or-pdf-page-number","Do I use the journal page number or the PDF page number in a citation?",{"path":259,"heading":260},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fquoting-a-source-in-another-language","How do I quote a source in another language in an English thesis?",{"path":262,"heading":263},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fwhere-does-the-citation-go","Where should a citation go when only one clause in a sentence needs support?",{"path":265,"heading":266},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fyou-described-a-result-too-broadly","How do I fix a sentence that describes a study's result too broadly?",{"path":268,"heading":269},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fzotero-or-mendeley","Should I use Zotero or Mendeley for a PhD?",{"path":130,"heading":131},{"path":145,"heading":146},{"path":112,"heading":113},{"path":140,"heading":141},{"path":150,"heading":151},{"path":121,"heading":122},{"path":161,"heading":162},{"path":87,"heading":75},{"path":117,"heading":118},{"path":135,"heading":136},{"path":155,"heading":156},{"path":126,"heading":127},{"path":283,"heading":284},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fphd-life\u002Fdefend-your-methodology-in-a-viva","How do I defend my methodology in a viva?",{"path":286,"heading":287},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fphd-life\u002Fimposter-syndrome-in-a-phd","How do I deal with imposter syndrome during a PhD?",{"path":289,"heading":290},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fphd-life\u002Fplan-a-realistic-phd-timeline","How do I plan a realistic PhD timeline?",{"path":292,"heading":293},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fphd-life\u002Fpostdoc-or-industry","Should I do a postdoc or go to industry after my PhD?",{"path":295,"heading":296},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fphd-life\u002Fprepare-for-a-phd-viva","How do I prepare for a PhD viva?",{"path":298,"heading":299},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fphd-life\u002Fstop-procrastinating-on-your-phd","How do I stop procrastinating on my PhD?",{"path":301,"heading":302},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fphd-life\u002Fwhat-happens-if-a-viva-goes-badly","What happens if you fail a PhD viva?",{"path":304,"heading":305},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fphd-life\u002Fwhen-your-supervisor-is-not-supportive","What do I do when my PhD supervisor is not supportive?",{"path":307,"heading":308},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fphd-life\u002Fwrite-an-academic-cv","How do I write an academic CV for a postdoc application?",{"path":310,"heading":311},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Fchoose-a-journal","How do I choose a journal for my paper?",{"path":313,"heading":314},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Fdo-you-pay-to-publish-open-access","Do I have to pay to publish open access?",{"path":316,"heading":317},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Fhow-author-order-is-decided","How is author order decided on a paper?",{"path":319,"heading":320},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Fhow-peer-review-works","How does journal peer review actually work?",{"path":322,"heading":323},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Fhow-to-cite-a-preprint","How do I cite a preprint?",{"path":325,"heading":326},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Fjournal-submission-cover-letter","How do I write a cover letter for a journal submission?",{"path":328,"heading":329},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Frespond-to-reviewer-comments","How do I respond to peer reviewer comments?",{"path":331,"heading":332},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Fshould-you-post-a-preprint","Should I post my paper as a preprint?",{"path":334,"heading":335},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Fspot-a-predatory-journal","How do I tell if a journal is predatory?",{"path":337,"heading":338},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Fwhy-papers-get-desk-rejected","Why was my paper desk rejected?",{"path":340,"heading":341},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Ffind-the-paper-you-half-remember","How do I find a paper when I only remember the argument it made?",{"path":343,"heading":344},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Fhighlighting-pdfs-stops-working","Why can I never find my PDF highlights again?",{"path":346,"heading":347},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Fhow-many-papers-can-you-read-a-day","How many papers can a PhD student realistically read in a day?",{"path":349,"heading":350},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Fkeep-up-with-new-papers","How do I keep up with new papers without reading everything?",{"path":352,"heading":353},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Fnon-english-studies-in-a-review","How do I include non-English studies in a literature review?",{"path":355,"heading":356},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Fnote-system-takes-too-long","What do I do when my note-taking system takes longer than reading the papers?",{"path":358,"heading":359},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Forganize-100-papers","How do I organize and extract information from more than 100 papers?",{"path":361,"heading":362},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Freading-papers-in-a-second-language","How do I read research papers efficiently when English is my second language?",{"path":364,"heading":365},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Fremember-what-a-paper-said","How do I remember what was in papers I read months ago?",{"path":367,"heading":368},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Frestart-a-project-after-months-away","How do I get back into a research project after months away?",{"path":370,"heading":371},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Ftrack-connections-between-papers","How do I keep track of connections between papers?",{"path":95,"heading":373},"How do I triage 200 PDFs before deciding which ones to read in full?",{"path":375,"heading":376},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-data\u002Fanonymize-qualitative-data","How do I anonymize qualitative interview data?",{"path":378,"heading":379},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-data\u002Ffair-data-principles-in-practice","What are the FAIR data principles?",{"path":381,"heading":382},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-data\u002Forganize-research-data-files","How do I organize research data files?",{"path":384,"heading":385},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-data\u002Fwhat-preregistration-is","What is preregistration in research?",{"path":387,"heading":388},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-data\u002Fwrite-a-data-management-plan","How do I write a data management plan?",{"path":390,"heading":391},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-gaps\u002Fchoose-a-theoretical-framework","How do I choose a theoretical framework for my thesis?",{"path":393,"heading":394},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-gaps\u002Ffind-a-research-gap","How do I identify a research gap in the literature?",{"path":396,"heading":397},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-gaps\u002Fis-my-research-gap-original","How do I know if my research gap is original?",{"path":399,"heading":400},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-gaps\u002Fnarrow-a-broad-research-question","How do I narrow down a research question that is too broad?",{"path":402,"heading":403},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-gaps\u002Fresearch-question-changed-mid-phd","Can a research question change during a PhD?",{"path":405,"heading":406},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-gaps\u002Fresearch-question-or-hypothesis","What is the difference between a research question and a hypothesis?",{"path":408,"heading":409},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-gaps\u002Fturn-a-topic-into-a-research-question","How do I turn a research topic into a research question?",{"path":411,"heading":412},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-gaps\u002Fwhat-makes-a-good-research-question","What makes a good research question in a PhD thesis?",{"path":414,"heading":415},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-gaps\u002Fwrite-a-research-gap-statement","How do I write a research gap statement?",{"path":417,"heading":418},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-methods\u002Fchoose-a-statistical-test","How do I choose which statistical test to use?",{"path":420,"heading":421},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-methods\u002Fhow-many-interviews-is-enough","How many interviews are enough for a qualitative study?",{"path":423,"heading":424},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-methods\u002Fhow-to-do-thematic-analysis","How do I do thematic analysis step by step?",{"path":426,"heading":427},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-methods\u002Finductive-or-deductive-coding","What is the difference between inductive and deductive thematic analysis?",{"path":429,"heading":430},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-methods\u002Fintegrate-mixed-methods-data","How do I integrate qualitative and quantitative data in a mixed methods study?",{"path":432,"heading":433},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-methods\u002Frigour-in-qualitative-research","How do I show rigour in qualitative research?",{"path":435,"heading":436},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-methods\u002Fwhat-a-p-value-means","What does a p value actually mean?",{"path":438,"heading":439},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-methods\u002Fwork-out-your-sample-size","How do I calculate the sample size for a study?",1786014767689]