[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":440},["ShallowReactive",2],{"answers-\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Forganize-literature-review-by-argument":3,"answers-cluster-literature-review":110,"answers-related-\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Forganize-literature-review-by-argument":165},{"id":4,"title":5,"answer":6,"body":7,"cluster":69,"description":70,"extension":71,"faq":72,"heading":75,"intro":63,"kind":76,"meta":77,"navigation":78,"order":79,"outbound":80,"path":87,"primaryQuery":88,"product":89,"related":93,"seo":96,"sources":97,"stem":108,"updated":101,"__hash__":109},"answers\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Forganize-literature-review-by-argument.md","Organize a Literature Review by Argument, Not by Paper","Extract the claims first, then build sections from the claims. Write one line per finding with its source and page, spread them out, and group the lines that speak to the same question. Those groups become your sections. The papers get cited in several sections, which is correct.",{"type":8,"value":9,"toc":62},"minimark",[10,14,17,20,23,26,29,34,37,40,43,46,49,53,56,59],[11,12,13],"p",{},"The reason paper-led chapters happen is that the papers are the objects you can hold. You have a folder of them, each with a name, and the natural unit of writing feels like the natural unit of reading. But a reader does not want to know what twenty papers said. They want to know what is known, how confidently, and where the field is unsure.",[11,15,16],{},"So the reorganization is mechanical. Go through your notes and write out every claim you might use, one per line, each carrying the source and the page. Aim for the level of specificity you would actually put in a sentence. \"Retention improves with mentoring\" is usable. \"Fenton looks at mentoring\" is not.",[11,18,19],{},"Then spread the lines out and group them. Use a spreadsheet, a wall, or index cards, whatever lets you move things without committing. The groups that form are your sections, and they will not match the sections you had planned, which is the point of doing it.",[11,21,22],{},"Name each group with the question it answers, not the topic it covers. Lingard calls the literature review a map of a meaningful white space rather than a laundry list of known facts, and recommends moving from selected knowledge claims toward a characterized gap, which matters most in a well-studied field where you owe the reader an explicit case for why another study is needed (Lingard, 2018, Part I, pp. 47-48). Pautasso sets the same bar from the other direction: a review should identify the major achievements, the areas of debate, the methodological problems, and the outstanding questions, rather than summarize publications one at a time (Pautasso, 2013, p. 3).",[11,24,25],{},"The tool that makes this practical is a claim-and-evidence table instead of paper-by-paper notes. One claim per row, then columns for which studies support it, which qualify it, which challenge it, and how the methods differ. Thomas and Harden built their synthesis this way, comparing codes across studies and grouping similarities and differences into a hierarchical tree that produced 12 descriptive themes (Thomas and Harden, 2008, p. 6). Their coding of children's food preferences sat under both children's understandings of healthy eating and influences on food choice, which is the concrete case for letting one study feed more than one section when its findings warrant it.",[11,27,28],{},"Two things usually surface at this stage. The first is a set of claims that appear in six papers and were never worth six paragraphs. The second is a claim that only one paper supports, which is either a gap or a weakness, and either way you now know it.",[30,31,33],"h2",{"id":32},"how-do-i-find-the-themes-when-every-paper-feels-different","How do I find the themes when every paper feels different?",[11,35,36],{},"Look for the questions the papers answer rather than the topics they cover. Two studies on different populations using different methods are on the same theme if they are arguing about the same thing. Topic similarity scatters your chapter, question similarity organizes it.",[11,38,39],{},"A useful test is to write the implied question above each claim. \"Does the effect persist?\" \"Does it hold outside the original setting?\" \"Is the measure capturing what it claims to?\" Papers that share an implied question belong together even when their surface subject matter looks unrelated.",[11,41,42],{},"Grouping is only the first half. Thomas and Harden separate descriptive themes, which stay close to what the primary studies reported, from analytical themes, which answer the review's own question by inferring barriers, facilitators, and implications, and they reached the second kind by interpreting the descriptive themes independently, discussing them together, and checking each emerging abstraction back against the descriptive themes (Thomas and Harden, 2008, pp. 7-8). That distinction exists because Dixon-Woods and colleagues had warned that thematic work becomes theoretically weak and insufficiently transparent when it only restates the themes the primary studies already named. It is the difference between a section that says several papers mention X and a section that argues X operates as a barrier under specific conditions.",[11,44,45],{},"Weight the groups by study quality when you write them up, not just by how many papers landed in each. In their synthesis the poorer-quality studies contributed relatively little and held few unique themes, while the better-quality studies carried more developed analyses and drove most of the final recommendations (Thomas and Harden, 2008, p. 8). They also qualify how far this goes: their review produced propositions absent from the primary studies because the review question and an external framework allowed new concepts, whereas a literature whose studies already address your question directly may need translation rather than invention (Thomas and Harden, 2008, p. 9). Lingard's version of the same caution is to characterize the gap and then align it with the method you have chosen to fill it (Lingard, 2018, Part I, p. 49).",[11,47,48],{},"If a paper still refuses to join a group, that is information. It either belongs in a different chapter, or it is answering a question your review has not yet acknowledged, in which case the missing section just announced itself.",[30,50,52],{"id":51},"should-the-chapter-be-chronological-or-thematic","Should the chapter be chronological or thematic?",[11,54,55],{},"Thematic, with chronology used inside a theme when the field genuinely moved. A purely chronological review implies that later work supersedes earlier work, which is often false, and it forces the reader to hold the argument together themselves. Use dates to explain a shift, not to structure the chapter.",[11,57,58],{},"Chronology earns its place when something specific changed: a method became available, a definition was revised, a major dataset was released, a foundational result failed to replicate. Then the sequence is the explanation and saying so is genuinely informative.",[11,60,61],{},"Outside those cases, a run of paragraphs beginning \"In 2014\", \"In 2017\", \"More recently\" is chronology used as a substitute for structure. The dates are doing the work your argument should be doing.",{"title":63,"searchDepth":64,"depth":64,"links":65},"",4,[66,68],{"id":32,"depth":67,"text":33},2,{"id":51,"depth":67,"text":52},"literature-review","How to structure a review chapter around claims instead of sources, how to find the themes when every paper looks different, and whether to order it thematically.","md",[73,74],{"q":33,"a":36},{"q":52,"a":55},"How do I organize a literature review by argument instead of by paper?","answer",{},true,3,[81,84],{"label":82,"to":83},"The literature review workflow","\u002Fdocs\u002Fresearch-workflows\u002Fliterature-review",{"label":85,"to":86},"Thematic analysis as a workflow","\u002Fdocs\u002Fresearch-workflows\u002Fthematic-analysis","\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Forganize-literature-review-by-argument","how to organize a literature review by argument instead of by paper",{"text":90,"to":91,"label":92},"In Agent Bayes the chapter structure is the artifact you build. Branches are claims, each carrying the papers and pages behind it, and you can ask the agent to expand a branch, add evidence, or restructure the map as your argument changes. The sources do not have to move when the argument does.","\u002Fproduct-tour","See the map as a working structure",[94,95],"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Ftrack-connections-between-papers","\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-methods\u002Fhow-to-do-thematic-analysis",{"title":5,"description":70},[98,102,105],{"label":99,"url":100,"checked":101},"Thomas and Harden, Methods for the thematic synthesis of qualitative research in systematic reviews, BMC Medical Research Methodology (2008)","https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1186\u002F1471-2288-8-45","2026-08-06",{"label":103,"url":104,"checked":101},"Lingard, Writing an effective literature review: Part I: Mapping the gap, Perspectives on Medical Education (2018)","https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1007\u002Fs40037-017-0401-x",{"label":106,"url":107,"checked":101},"Pautasso, Ten Simple Rules for Writing a Literature Review, PLoS Computational Biology (2013)","https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1371\u002Fjournal.pcbi.1003149","answers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Forganize-literature-review-by-argument","_qLEzJgrI6VAy485OP4AYXx0F88MvC8DEo_9ms8UkK4",[111,116,120,121,125,130,135,140,145,150,155,160],{"path":112,"heading":113,"description":114,"order":115},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fliterature-review-synthesis-or-summary","How do I know if my literature review is synthesis or just a summary?","How to tell a summarizing literature review from a synthesizing one, what a synthesis paragraph actually looks like, and how to rebuild a chapter that lists authors.",1,{"path":117,"heading":118,"description":119,"order":67},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fstudies-with-opposite-conclusions","What do I write when two studies on the same question reach opposite conclusions?","What to write when the evidence contradicts itself, whether the disagreement belongs in the review or the discussion, and how to analyze it without picking a winner.",{"path":87,"heading":75,"description":70,"order":79},{"path":122,"heading":123,"description":124,"order":64},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fwhen-to-stop-searching-for-papers","How do I know when to stop searching for papers for a literature review?","How to know your literature search is finished, how many papers a review actually needs, and what stopping rule you can defend in a methods section.",{"path":126,"heading":127,"description":128,"order":129},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fbuild-a-synthesis-matrix","How do I build a synthesis matrix when my themes keep changing as I read?","How to build a literature synthesis matrix when your themes keep changing, which way round the rows and columns go, and how much to write in each cell.",5,{"path":131,"heading":132,"description":133,"order":134},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fsynthesis-matrix-into-paragraphs","How do I turn a synthesis matrix into literature review paragraphs?","How to get from a completed synthesis matrix to written literature review paragraphs, the shape of a good synthesis paragraph, and how many sources belong in one.",6,{"path":136,"heading":137,"description":138,"order":139},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fliterature-review-too-descriptive","What does it mean when a supervisor says a literature review is too descriptive?","What supervisors mean when they call a literature review too descriptive, how to add critique without inserting opinion, and which sentences signal analysis.",7,{"path":141,"heading":142,"description":143,"order":144},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fkeep-a-literature-review-current","How do I keep a literature review current over a multi-year PhD?","How to stop a review chapter going stale across a long PhD, how often to rerun searches, and how to update the chapter before submission without rewriting it.",8,{"path":146,"heading":147,"description":148,"order":149},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fnarrative-scoping-or-systematic-review","What is the difference between a narrative literature review and a systematic review?","The real difference between a narrative literature review and a systematic review, when a scoping review fits better, and whether a thesis chapter needs PRISMA.",9,{"path":151,"heading":152,"description":153,"order":154},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fsystematic-review-search-strategy","How do I build a search strategy for a systematic review?","How to build a systematic review search strategy, how to decide which databases to search, and how to document a search so another researcher could repeat it.",10,{"path":156,"heading":157,"description":158,"order":159},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fscreening-abstracts-for-a-review","How do I screen hundreds of abstracts for a systematic review?","How to screen hundreds of abstracts for a review, what makes an inclusion criterion usable, and what to do when two screeners disagree about a paper.",11,{"path":161,"heading":162,"description":163,"order":164},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Freview-that-leads-to-your-question","How do I write a literature review that leads logically to my research question?","How to write a literature review that arrives at your research question, how to show a gap without dismissing other people's work, and where the gap statement goes.",12,[166,169,172,175,178,181,184,187,190,193,196,199,202,205,208,211,214,217,220,223,226,229,232,235,238,241,244,247,250,253,256,259,262,265,268,271,272,273,274,275,276,277,278,279,280,281,282,283,286,289,292,295,298,301,304,307,310,313,316,319,322,325,328,331,334,337,340,343,346,349,352,355,358,361,364,367,370,372,375,378,381,384,387,390,393,396,399,402,405,408,411,414,417,420,423,425,428,431,434,437],{"path":167,"heading":168},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fdraft-without-stopping-for-citations","How do I draft when I keep stopping to look up citations?",{"path":170,"heading":171},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fhow-long-should-a-literature-review-chapter-be","How long should a literature review chapter be?",{"path":173,"heading":174},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fparaphrase-without-plagiarizing","How do I paraphrase a source without plagiarizing?",{"path":176,"heading":177},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fstructure-a-phd-thesis","How do I structure a PhD thesis chapter by chapter?",{"path":179,"heading":180},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fthesis-by-publication-or-monograph","Should I do a thesis by publication or a monograph?",{"path":182,"heading":183},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fwrite-a-discussion-section","How do I write a discussion section without repeating the results?",{"path":185,"heading":186},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fwrite-a-methodology-chapter","How do I write a methodology chapter?",{"path":188,"heading":189},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fwrite-a-thesis-introduction","How do I write a thesis introduction?",{"path":191,"heading":192},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fwrite-an-abstract","How do I write an abstract for a research paper?",{"path":194,"heading":195},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fwrite-consistently-during-a-phd","How do I write consistently during a PhD?",{"path":197,"heading":198},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fai-for-systematic-review-screening","Can I use AI for screening in a systematic review?",{"path":200,"heading":201},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fare-ai-detectors-reliable","Are AI detectors reliable?",{"path":203,"heading":204},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fcan-an-ai-be-an-author","Can an AI tool be listed as an author on a paper?",{"path":206,"heading":207},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fcan-i-use-ai-for-a-literature-review","Can I use AI for a literature review?",{"path":209,"heading":210},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fcan-you-trust-an-ai-summary","Can I trust AI summaries of research papers?",{"path":212,"heading":213},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fdisclose-ai-use-in-a-paper","Do I need to disclose AI use in a research paper?",{"path":215,"heading":216},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fhow-to-cite-chatgpt","How do I cite ChatGPT in APA 7?",{"path":218,"heading":219},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fis-using-chatgpt-plagiarism","Is using ChatGPT for academic writing plagiarism?",{"path":221,"heading":222},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fusing-ai-in-a-phd-thesis","Can I use AI in a PhD thesis?",{"path":224,"heading":225},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fusing-ai-to-write-a-peer-review","Can I use AI to help write a peer review?",{"path":227,"heading":228},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fverify-ai-generated-citations","How do I check whether AI-generated citations are real?",{"path":230,"heading":231},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fwhy-ai-answers-better-on-your-own-pdfs","Why does an AI answer better when it reads my own PDFs?",{"path":233,"heading":234},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fwhy-chatgpt-invents-references","Why does ChatGPT make up references?",{"path":236,"heading":237},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fcheck-every-claim-against-its-citation","How do I check that every claim in my thesis is supported by its citation?",{"path":239,"heading":240},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fcite-the-paper-you-read-or-the-original","Should I cite the paper I read or the original study it references?",{"path":242,"heading":243},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fcited-source-does-not-say-that","What do I do when a paper's cited source does not support its claim?",{"path":245,"heading":246},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fciting-a-paper-you-cannot-access","Can I cite a paper I cannot get hold of?",{"path":248,"heading":249},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fciting-a-review-instead-of-the-original","Is citing a review instead of the original research bad practice?",{"path":251,"heading":252},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fdo-i-need-to-cite-everything","Do I need to cite absolutely everything in a thesis?",{"path":254,"heading":255},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fhow-much-self-citation","How much self-citation is acceptable?",{"path":257,"heading":258},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fjournal-page-number-or-pdf-page-number","Do I use the journal page number or the PDF page number in a citation?",{"path":260,"heading":261},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fquoting-a-source-in-another-language","How do I quote a source in another language in an English thesis?",{"path":263,"heading":264},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fwhere-does-the-citation-go","Where should a citation go when only one clause in a sentence needs support?",{"path":266,"heading":267},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fyou-described-a-result-too-broadly","How do I fix a sentence that describes a study's result too broadly?",{"path":269,"heading":270},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fzotero-or-mendeley","Should I use Zotero or Mendeley for a PhD?",{"path":126,"heading":127},{"path":141,"heading":142},{"path":112,"heading":113},{"path":136,"heading":137},{"path":146,"heading":147},{"path":87,"heading":75},{"path":161,"heading":162},{"path":156,"heading":157},{"path":117,"heading":118},{"path":131,"heading":132},{"path":151,"heading":152},{"path":122,"heading":123},{"path":284,"heading":285},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fphd-life\u002Fdefend-your-methodology-in-a-viva","How do I defend my methodology in a viva?",{"path":287,"heading":288},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fphd-life\u002Fimposter-syndrome-in-a-phd","How do I deal with imposter syndrome during a PhD?",{"path":290,"heading":291},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fphd-life\u002Fplan-a-realistic-phd-timeline","How do I plan a realistic PhD timeline?",{"path":293,"heading":294},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fphd-life\u002Fpostdoc-or-industry","Should I do a postdoc or go to industry after my PhD?",{"path":296,"heading":297},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fphd-life\u002Fprepare-for-a-phd-viva","How do I prepare for a PhD viva?",{"path":299,"heading":300},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fphd-life\u002Fstop-procrastinating-on-your-phd","How do I stop procrastinating on my PhD?",{"path":302,"heading":303},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fphd-life\u002Fwhat-happens-if-a-viva-goes-badly","What happens if you fail a PhD viva?",{"path":305,"heading":306},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fphd-life\u002Fwhen-your-supervisor-is-not-supportive","What do I do when my PhD supervisor is not supportive?",{"path":308,"heading":309},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fphd-life\u002Fwrite-an-academic-cv","How do I write an academic CV for a postdoc application?",{"path":311,"heading":312},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Fchoose-a-journal","How do I choose a journal for my paper?",{"path":314,"heading":315},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Fdo-you-pay-to-publish-open-access","Do I have to pay to publish open access?",{"path":317,"heading":318},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Fhow-author-order-is-decided","How is author order decided on a paper?",{"path":320,"heading":321},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Fhow-peer-review-works","How does journal peer review actually work?",{"path":323,"heading":324},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Fhow-to-cite-a-preprint","How do I cite a preprint?",{"path":326,"heading":327},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Fjournal-submission-cover-letter","How do I write a cover letter for a journal submission?",{"path":329,"heading":330},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Frespond-to-reviewer-comments","How do I respond to peer reviewer comments?",{"path":332,"heading":333},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Fshould-you-post-a-preprint","Should I post my paper as a preprint?",{"path":335,"heading":336},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Fspot-a-predatory-journal","How do I tell if a journal is predatory?",{"path":338,"heading":339},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Fwhy-papers-get-desk-rejected","Why was my paper desk rejected?",{"path":341,"heading":342},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Ffind-the-paper-you-half-remember","How do I find a paper when I only remember the argument it made?",{"path":344,"heading":345},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Fhighlighting-pdfs-stops-working","Why can I never find my PDF highlights again?",{"path":347,"heading":348},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Fhow-many-papers-can-you-read-a-day","How many papers can a PhD student realistically read in a day?",{"path":350,"heading":351},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Fkeep-up-with-new-papers","How do I keep up with new papers without reading everything?",{"path":353,"heading":354},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Fnon-english-studies-in-a-review","How do I include non-English studies in a literature review?",{"path":356,"heading":357},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Fnote-system-takes-too-long","What do I do when my note-taking system takes longer than reading the papers?",{"path":359,"heading":360},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Forganize-100-papers","How do I organize and extract information from more than 100 papers?",{"path":362,"heading":363},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Freading-papers-in-a-second-language","How do I read research papers efficiently when English is my second language?",{"path":365,"heading":366},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Fremember-what-a-paper-said","How do I remember what was in papers I read months ago?",{"path":368,"heading":369},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Frestart-a-project-after-months-away","How do I get back into a research project after months away?",{"path":94,"heading":371},"How do I keep track of connections between papers?",{"path":373,"heading":374},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Ftriage-pdfs-before-reading","How do I triage 200 PDFs before deciding which ones to read in full?",{"path":376,"heading":377},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-data\u002Fanonymize-qualitative-data","How do I anonymize qualitative interview data?",{"path":379,"heading":380},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-data\u002Ffair-data-principles-in-practice","What are the FAIR data principles?",{"path":382,"heading":383},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-data\u002Forganize-research-data-files","How do I organize research data files?",{"path":385,"heading":386},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-data\u002Fwhat-preregistration-is","What is preregistration in research?",{"path":388,"heading":389},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-data\u002Fwrite-a-data-management-plan","How do I write a data management plan?",{"path":391,"heading":392},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-gaps\u002Fchoose-a-theoretical-framework","How do I choose a theoretical framework for my thesis?",{"path":394,"heading":395},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-gaps\u002Ffind-a-research-gap","How do I identify a research gap in the literature?",{"path":397,"heading":398},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-gaps\u002Fis-my-research-gap-original","How do I know if my research gap is original?",{"path":400,"heading":401},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-gaps\u002Fnarrow-a-broad-research-question","How do I narrow down a research question that is too broad?",{"path":403,"heading":404},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-gaps\u002Fresearch-question-changed-mid-phd","Can a research question change during a PhD?",{"path":406,"heading":407},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-gaps\u002Fresearch-question-or-hypothesis","What is the difference between a research question and a hypothesis?",{"path":409,"heading":410},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-gaps\u002Fturn-a-topic-into-a-research-question","How do I turn a research topic into a research question?",{"path":412,"heading":413},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-gaps\u002Fwhat-makes-a-good-research-question","What makes a good research question in a PhD thesis?",{"path":415,"heading":416},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-gaps\u002Fwrite-a-research-gap-statement","How do I write a research gap statement?",{"path":418,"heading":419},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-methods\u002Fchoose-a-statistical-test","How do I choose which statistical test to use?",{"path":421,"heading":422},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-methods\u002Fhow-many-interviews-is-enough","How many interviews are enough for a qualitative study?",{"path":95,"heading":424},"How do I do thematic analysis step by step?",{"path":426,"heading":427},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-methods\u002Finductive-or-deductive-coding","What is the difference between inductive and deductive thematic analysis?",{"path":429,"heading":430},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-methods\u002Fintegrate-mixed-methods-data","How do I integrate qualitative and quantitative data in a mixed methods study?",{"path":432,"heading":433},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-methods\u002Frigour-in-qualitative-research","How do I show rigour in qualitative research?",{"path":435,"heading":436},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-methods\u002Fwhat-a-p-value-means","What does a p value actually mean?",{"path":438,"heading":439},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-methods\u002Fwork-out-your-sample-size","How do I calculate the sample size for a study?",1786014767353]