[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":446},["ShallowReactive",2],{"answers-\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fliterature-review-synthesis-or-summary":3,"answers-cluster-literature-review":116,"answers-related-\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fliterature-review-synthesis-or-summary":171},{"id":4,"title":5,"answer":6,"body":7,"cluster":75,"description":76,"extension":77,"faq":78,"heading":81,"intro":69,"kind":82,"meta":83,"navigation":84,"order":85,"outbound":86,"path":93,"primaryQuery":94,"product":95,"related":99,"seo":102,"sources":103,"stem":114,"updated":107,"__hash__":115},"answers\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fliterature-review-synthesis-or-summary.md","Is Your Literature Review Synthesis or Just Summary?","Look at what each paragraph is organized around. If the subject of your topic sentences is an author, you are summarizing. If it is a claim, a tension, or a pattern that several studies bear on, you are synthesizing. Synthesis puts sources inside your sentence, not at the head of it.",{"type":8,"value":9,"toc":68},"minimark",[10,14,17,20,23,26,29,32,37,40,43,46,49,53,56,59,62,65],[11,12,13],"p",{},"There is a fast diagnostic. Read only the first sentence of every paragraph in your chapter, in order, and ignore everything else. If that list reads as a sequence of names, the chapter is an annotated bibliography with better formatting. If it reads as a sequence of claims that build on each other, the chapter is doing its job.",[11,15,16],{},"Lingard puts the same test in terms of what your prose is doing to the evidence. A review that offers only neutral description of what is known is not adequate, Lingard argues. What a strong review performs is critical summary, which judges the quality, source, and reliability of the knowledge claims it reports rather than passing them along at face value (Lingard, 2018, Part II, p. 134). Without that judgment the chapter reads as what Lingard calls a laundry list of undigested facts-in-the-world (Lingard, 2018, Part II, p. 135).",[11,18,19],{},"The reason the author-led version happens is structural rather than lazy. You read one paper at a time, you took notes one paper at a time, and the notes became paragraphs in the order you made them. The chapter inherits the shape of your reading process. Nobody intends to write a list.",[11,21,22],{},"Volume makes the habit expensive. Pautasso points out that by 2008 Web of Science indexed roughly three times as many papers on malaria as in 1991, eight times as many on obesity, and forty times as many on biodiversity (Pautasso, 2013, p. 1). At that scale a chapter cannot demonstrate its quality by showing everything you read, because there is always more.",[11,24,25],{},"What separates the two forms is where the work of comparison happens. In a summary, comparison is left to the reader: here is Fenton, here is Alvarez, draw your own conclusions. In a synthesis, you do the comparing on the page. You state what the field holds, name who supports it, say where the support is thin, and point at the disagreement rather than reporting each side in turn.",[11,27,28],{},"Pautasso gives a reader-side version of the test you can run on a finished draft. After reading a good review, the reader should come away with a rough sense of the field's major achievements, its main areas of debate, and the outstanding research questions (Pautasso, 2013, p. 3). If your reader could not name the debates, the chapter reported findings without ever comparing them. Pautasso is equally clear about the failure modes on the other side, warning that a review should read neither as a public relations brochure for a position nor as competitive self-denial about your own contribution (Pautasso, 2013, p. 3).",[11,30,31],{},"That is also why synthesis is harder. You have to have a position about the literature before you can organize it, and early in a project you often do not yet. Writing the summarizing version first is a reasonable step. Leaving it as the final version is the mistake.",[33,34,36],"h2",{"id":35},"what-does-a-synthesized-paragraph-actually-look-like","What does a synthesized paragraph actually look like?",[11,38,39],{},"It opens with a claim you are making, then brings two or more sources to bear on it, including where they disagree. The authors appear in parentheses or as grammatical objects rather than as the subject of every sentence. One paragraph carries one idea and several studies.",[11,41,42],{},"Compare two openings. \"Fenton (2019) conducted a longitudinal study of teacher retention in rural districts\" tells the reader what a paper did. \"Retention effects appear strong in the first three years and fade afterwards, a pattern found in both longitudinal designs and cross-sectional replications (Fenton, 2019; Alvarez and Roy, 2022)\" tells the reader something about the world and shows two studies agreeing.",[11,44,45],{},"The second version also creates somewhere for the next sentence to go, because now the disagreement is interesting: who found the effect persisting, and what was different about their sample.",[11,47,48],{},"Your verbs carry more of this than most writers notice. Lingard's second paper treats reporting verbs as the mechanism that positions both your stance and the source author's, and she is blunt that they are not interchangeable. Writing that an author argues a point, when the paper offered it as a tentative reflection, misrepresents how certain that author was. Suggests or explored would have been accurate (Lingard, 2018, Part II, p. 134). Lingard also gives verb sets for putting sources into relation with each other, using acknowledges for alignment, refutes for opposition, and adds to for development (Lingard, 2018, Part II, p. 135). Those verbs are the smallest unit of synthesis available to you, because each one asserts a relationship that a neutral reports never does.",[33,50,52],{"id":51},"how-do-i-fix-a-review-that-is-one-paragraph-per-author","How do I fix a review that is one paragraph per author?",[11,54,55],{},"Break each paragraph into the individual claims it contains, one line each with its source and page. Sort those lines by claim rather than by author. Groups will form, and each group becomes a paragraph. Anything that fits nowhere is usually a sign the section was never relevant.",[11,57,58],{},"Do this in a spreadsheet or on cards, not in the draft itself. Editing inside the chapter tempts you to preserve sentences you like, and the sentences are the problem. Working from the extracted claims forces the new structure to come from the evidence rather than from your existing prose.",[11,60,61],{},"Expect the chapter to get shorter. A review organized by author repeats itself, because five papers that share a finding produce five paragraphs saying the same thing in different words. Reorganized by claim, that becomes one paragraph with five citations, and the space you win goes to the argument instead.",[11,63,64],{},"Sorting by claim is only half the job. The groups then have to point somewhere, which for Lingard means organizing the review around a knowledge deficit rather than around what is known, so the reader is led toward the specific gap your study fills (Lingard, 2018, Part I, p. 47). Lingard names the kinds of gap worth mapping, and they are more varied than most drafts assume. Nobody has examined the relationship between two things. A problem has been read from one theoretical perspective while another was ignored. Something has been counted without anyone asking what it was like to experience it. Or scholars simply disagree about how to define the central term (Lingard, 2018, Part I, pp. 48-49). Naming which of these your groups add up to is what converts a sorted pile into an argument, and it also keeps the gap you claim aligned with the method you chose to close it (Lingard, 2018, Part I, p. 49).",[11,66,67],{},"Be ruthless about what does not serve that gap. Published reviews in Lingard's field often run only a few paragraphs to a few pages, which makes exhaustive listing impossible from the start (Lingard, 2018, Part I, pp. 47-48). Pautasso reaches the same conclusion from the other direction, warning against including material just for the sake of it, since a review that tries to do too many things at once stops doing any of them well (Pautasso, 2013, p. 3).",{"title":69,"searchDepth":70,"depth":70,"links":71},"",4,[72,74],{"id":35,"depth":73,"text":36},2,{"id":51,"depth":73,"text":52},"literature-review","How to tell a summarizing literature review from a synthesizing one, what a synthesis paragraph actually looks like, and how to rebuild a chapter that lists authors.","md",[79,80],{"q":36,"a":39},{"q":52,"a":55},"How do I know if my literature review is synthesis or just a summary?","answer",{},true,1,[87,90],{"label":88,"to":89},"The literature review workflow","\u002Fdocs\u002Fresearch-workflows\u002Fliterature-review",{"label":91,"to":92},"Building a qualitative evidence matrix","\u002Fblog\u002Fqualitative-evidence-matrix","\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fliterature-review-synthesis-or-summary","how do i know if my literature review is synthesis or just summary",{"text":96,"to":97,"label":98},"Agent Bayes builds the map at claim level rather than at paper level. Each claim is its own node with the papers and pages that support it attached, so regrouping an argument means moving branches rather than rewriting paragraphs. When sources disagree, the positions stay side by side instead of blending into one.","\u002Fdocs\u002Fcore-concepts\u002Fmindmaps-nodes-and-claims","How claims and citations fit together",[100,101],"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fhow-long-should-a-literature-review-chapter-be","\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Forganize-100-papers",{"title":5,"description":76},[104,108,111],{"label":105,"url":106,"checked":107},"Pautasso, Ten Simple Rules for Writing a Literature Review, PLoS Computational Biology (2013)","https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1371\u002Fjournal.pcbi.1003149","2026-08-06",{"label":109,"url":110,"checked":107},"Lingard, Writing an effective literature review: Part I: Mapping the gap, Perspectives on Medical Education (2018)","https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1007\u002Fs40037-017-0401-x",{"label":112,"url":113,"checked":107},"Lingard, Writing an effective literature review: Part II: Citation technique, Perspectives on Medical Education (2018)","https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1007\u002Fs40037-018-0407-z","answers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fliterature-review-synthesis-or-summary","n875kNFNzbLA9U7jAVLivsIfqd4soeiv91c2cjNXgYw",[117,118,122,127,131,136,141,146,151,156,161,166],{"path":93,"heading":81,"description":76,"order":85},{"path":119,"heading":120,"description":121,"order":73},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fstudies-with-opposite-conclusions","What do I write when two studies on the same question reach opposite conclusions?","What to write when the evidence contradicts itself, whether the disagreement belongs in the review or the discussion, and how to analyze it without picking a winner.",{"path":123,"heading":124,"description":125,"order":126},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Forganize-literature-review-by-argument","How do I organize a literature review by argument instead of by paper?","How to structure a review chapter around claims instead of sources, how to find the themes when every paper looks different, and whether to order it thematically.",3,{"path":128,"heading":129,"description":130,"order":70},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fwhen-to-stop-searching-for-papers","How do I know when to stop searching for papers for a literature review?","How to know your literature search is finished, how many papers a review actually needs, and what stopping rule you can defend in a methods section.",{"path":132,"heading":133,"description":134,"order":135},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fbuild-a-synthesis-matrix","How do I build a synthesis matrix when my themes keep changing as I read?","How to build a literature synthesis matrix when your themes keep changing, which way round the rows and columns go, and how much to write in each cell.",5,{"path":137,"heading":138,"description":139,"order":140},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fsynthesis-matrix-into-paragraphs","How do I turn a synthesis matrix into literature review paragraphs?","How to get from a completed synthesis matrix to written literature review paragraphs, the shape of a good synthesis paragraph, and how many sources belong in one.",6,{"path":142,"heading":143,"description":144,"order":145},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fliterature-review-too-descriptive","What does it mean when a supervisor says a literature review is too descriptive?","What supervisors mean when they call a literature review too descriptive, how to add critique without inserting opinion, and which sentences signal analysis.",7,{"path":147,"heading":148,"description":149,"order":150},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fkeep-a-literature-review-current","How do I keep a literature review current over a multi-year PhD?","How to stop a review chapter going stale across a long PhD, how often to rerun searches, and how to update the chapter before submission without rewriting it.",8,{"path":152,"heading":153,"description":154,"order":155},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fnarrative-scoping-or-systematic-review","What is the difference between a narrative literature review and a systematic review?","The real difference between a narrative literature review and a systematic review, when a scoping review fits better, and whether a thesis chapter needs PRISMA.",9,{"path":157,"heading":158,"description":159,"order":160},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fsystematic-review-search-strategy","How do I build a search strategy for a systematic review?","How to build a systematic review search strategy, how to decide which databases to search, and how to document a search so another researcher could repeat it.",10,{"path":162,"heading":163,"description":164,"order":165},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fscreening-abstracts-for-a-review","How do I screen hundreds of abstracts for a systematic review?","How to screen hundreds of abstracts for a review, what makes an inclusion criterion usable, and what to do when two screeners disagree about a paper.",11,{"path":167,"heading":168,"description":169,"order":170},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Freview-that-leads-to-your-question","How do I write a literature review that leads logically to my research question?","How to write a literature review that arrives at your research question, how to show a gap without dismissing other people's work, and where the gap statement goes.",12,[172,175,177,180,183,186,189,192,195,198,201,204,207,210,213,216,219,222,225,228,231,234,237,240,243,246,249,252,255,258,261,264,267,270,273,276,277,278,279,280,281,282,283,284,285,286,287,288,291,294,297,300,303,306,309,312,315,318,321,324,327,330,333,336,339,342,345,348,351,354,357,360,363,365,368,371,374,377,380,383,386,389,392,395,398,401,404,407,410,413,416,419,422,425,428,431,434,437,440,443],{"path":173,"heading":174},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fdraft-without-stopping-for-citations","How do I draft when I keep stopping to look up citations?",{"path":100,"heading":176},"How long should a literature review chapter be?",{"path":178,"heading":179},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fparaphrase-without-plagiarizing","How do I paraphrase a source without plagiarizing?",{"path":181,"heading":182},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fstructure-a-phd-thesis","How do I structure a PhD thesis chapter by chapter?",{"path":184,"heading":185},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fthesis-by-publication-or-monograph","Should I do a thesis by publication or a monograph?",{"path":187,"heading":188},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fwrite-a-discussion-section","How do I write a discussion section without repeating the results?",{"path":190,"heading":191},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fwrite-a-methodology-chapter","How do I write a methodology chapter?",{"path":193,"heading":194},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fwrite-a-thesis-introduction","How do I write a thesis introduction?",{"path":196,"heading":197},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fwrite-an-abstract","How do I write an abstract for a research paper?",{"path":199,"heading":200},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fwrite-consistently-during-a-phd","How do I write consistently during a PhD?",{"path":202,"heading":203},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fai-for-systematic-review-screening","Can I use AI for screening in a systematic review?",{"path":205,"heading":206},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fare-ai-detectors-reliable","Are AI detectors reliable?",{"path":208,"heading":209},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fcan-an-ai-be-an-author","Can an AI tool be listed as an author on a paper?",{"path":211,"heading":212},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fcan-i-use-ai-for-a-literature-review","Can I use AI for a literature review?",{"path":214,"heading":215},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fcan-you-trust-an-ai-summary","Can I trust AI summaries of research papers?",{"path":217,"heading":218},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fdisclose-ai-use-in-a-paper","Do I need to disclose AI use in a research paper?",{"path":220,"heading":221},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fhow-to-cite-chatgpt","How do I cite ChatGPT in APA 7?",{"path":223,"heading":224},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fis-using-chatgpt-plagiarism","Is using ChatGPT for academic writing plagiarism?",{"path":226,"heading":227},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fusing-ai-in-a-phd-thesis","Can I use AI in a PhD thesis?",{"path":229,"heading":230},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fusing-ai-to-write-a-peer-review","Can I use AI to help write a peer review?",{"path":232,"heading":233},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fverify-ai-generated-citations","How do I check whether AI-generated citations are real?",{"path":235,"heading":236},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fwhy-ai-answers-better-on-your-own-pdfs","Why does an AI answer better when it reads my own PDFs?",{"path":238,"heading":239},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fwhy-chatgpt-invents-references","Why does ChatGPT make up references?",{"path":241,"heading":242},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fcheck-every-claim-against-its-citation","How do I check that every claim in my thesis is supported by its citation?",{"path":244,"heading":245},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fcite-the-paper-you-read-or-the-original","Should I cite the paper I read or the original study it references?",{"path":247,"heading":248},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fcited-source-does-not-say-that","What do I do when a paper's cited source does not support its claim?",{"path":250,"heading":251},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fciting-a-paper-you-cannot-access","Can I cite a paper I cannot get hold of?",{"path":253,"heading":254},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fciting-a-review-instead-of-the-original","Is citing a review instead of the original research bad practice?",{"path":256,"heading":257},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fdo-i-need-to-cite-everything","Do I need to cite absolutely everything in a thesis?",{"path":259,"heading":260},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fhow-much-self-citation","How much self-citation is acceptable?",{"path":262,"heading":263},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fjournal-page-number-or-pdf-page-number","Do I use the journal page number or the PDF page number in a citation?",{"path":265,"heading":266},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fquoting-a-source-in-another-language","How do I quote a source in another language in an English thesis?",{"path":268,"heading":269},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fwhere-does-the-citation-go","Where should a citation go when only one clause in a sentence needs support?",{"path":271,"heading":272},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fyou-described-a-result-too-broadly","How do I fix a sentence that describes a study's result too broadly?",{"path":274,"heading":275},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fzotero-or-mendeley","Should I use Zotero or Mendeley for a PhD?",{"path":132,"heading":133},{"path":147,"heading":148},{"path":93,"heading":81},{"path":142,"heading":143},{"path":152,"heading":153},{"path":123,"heading":124},{"path":167,"heading":168},{"path":162,"heading":163},{"path":119,"heading":120},{"path":137,"heading":138},{"path":157,"heading":158},{"path":128,"heading":129},{"path":289,"heading":290},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fphd-life\u002Fdefend-your-methodology-in-a-viva","How do I defend my methodology in a viva?",{"path":292,"heading":293},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fphd-life\u002Fimposter-syndrome-in-a-phd","How do I deal with imposter syndrome during a PhD?",{"path":295,"heading":296},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fphd-life\u002Fplan-a-realistic-phd-timeline","How do I plan a realistic PhD timeline?",{"path":298,"heading":299},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fphd-life\u002Fpostdoc-or-industry","Should I do a postdoc or go to industry after my PhD?",{"path":301,"heading":302},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fphd-life\u002Fprepare-for-a-phd-viva","How do I prepare for a PhD viva?",{"path":304,"heading":305},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fphd-life\u002Fstop-procrastinating-on-your-phd","How do I stop procrastinating on my PhD?",{"path":307,"heading":308},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fphd-life\u002Fwhat-happens-if-a-viva-goes-badly","What happens if you fail a PhD viva?",{"path":310,"heading":311},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fphd-life\u002Fwhen-your-supervisor-is-not-supportive","What do I do when my PhD supervisor is not supportive?",{"path":313,"heading":314},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fphd-life\u002Fwrite-an-academic-cv","How do I write an academic CV for a postdoc application?",{"path":316,"heading":317},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Fchoose-a-journal","How do I choose a journal for my paper?",{"path":319,"heading":320},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Fdo-you-pay-to-publish-open-access","Do I have to pay to publish open access?",{"path":322,"heading":323},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Fhow-author-order-is-decided","How is author order decided on a paper?",{"path":325,"heading":326},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Fhow-peer-review-works","How does journal peer review actually work?",{"path":328,"heading":329},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Fhow-to-cite-a-preprint","How do I cite a preprint?",{"path":331,"heading":332},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Fjournal-submission-cover-letter","How do I write a cover letter for a journal submission?",{"path":334,"heading":335},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Frespond-to-reviewer-comments","How do I respond to peer reviewer comments?",{"path":337,"heading":338},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Fshould-you-post-a-preprint","Should I post my paper as a preprint?",{"path":340,"heading":341},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Fspot-a-predatory-journal","How do I tell if a journal is predatory?",{"path":343,"heading":344},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Fwhy-papers-get-desk-rejected","Why was my paper desk rejected?",{"path":346,"heading":347},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Ffind-the-paper-you-half-remember","How do I find a paper when I only remember the argument it made?",{"path":349,"heading":350},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Fhighlighting-pdfs-stops-working","Why can I never find my PDF highlights again?",{"path":352,"heading":353},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Fhow-many-papers-can-you-read-a-day","How many papers can a PhD student realistically read in a day?",{"path":355,"heading":356},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Fkeep-up-with-new-papers","How do I keep up with new papers without reading everything?",{"path":358,"heading":359},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Fnon-english-studies-in-a-review","How do I include non-English studies in a literature review?",{"path":361,"heading":362},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Fnote-system-takes-too-long","What do I do when my note-taking system takes longer than reading the papers?",{"path":101,"heading":364},"How do I organize and extract information from more than 100 papers?",{"path":366,"heading":367},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Freading-papers-in-a-second-language","How do I read research papers efficiently when English is my second language?",{"path":369,"heading":370},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Fremember-what-a-paper-said","How do I remember what was in papers I read months ago?",{"path":372,"heading":373},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Frestart-a-project-after-months-away","How do I get back into a research project after months away?",{"path":375,"heading":376},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Ftrack-connections-between-papers","How do I keep track of connections between papers?",{"path":378,"heading":379},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Ftriage-pdfs-before-reading","How do I triage 200 PDFs before deciding which ones to read in full?",{"path":381,"heading":382},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-data\u002Fanonymize-qualitative-data","How do I anonymize qualitative interview data?",{"path":384,"heading":385},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-data\u002Ffair-data-principles-in-practice","What are the FAIR data principles?",{"path":387,"heading":388},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-data\u002Forganize-research-data-files","How do I organize research data files?",{"path":390,"heading":391},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-data\u002Fwhat-preregistration-is","What is preregistration in research?",{"path":393,"heading":394},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-data\u002Fwrite-a-data-management-plan","How do I write a data management plan?",{"path":396,"heading":397},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-gaps\u002Fchoose-a-theoretical-framework","How do I choose a theoretical framework for my thesis?",{"path":399,"heading":400},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-gaps\u002Ffind-a-research-gap","How do I identify a research gap in the literature?",{"path":402,"heading":403},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-gaps\u002Fis-my-research-gap-original","How do I know if my research gap is original?",{"path":405,"heading":406},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-gaps\u002Fnarrow-a-broad-research-question","How do I narrow down a research question that is too broad?",{"path":408,"heading":409},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-gaps\u002Fresearch-question-changed-mid-phd","Can a research question change during a PhD?",{"path":411,"heading":412},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-gaps\u002Fresearch-question-or-hypothesis","What is the difference between a research question and a hypothesis?",{"path":414,"heading":415},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-gaps\u002Fturn-a-topic-into-a-research-question","How do I turn a research topic into a research question?",{"path":417,"heading":418},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-gaps\u002Fwhat-makes-a-good-research-question","What makes a good research question in a PhD thesis?",{"path":420,"heading":421},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-gaps\u002Fwrite-a-research-gap-statement","How do I write a research gap statement?",{"path":423,"heading":424},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-methods\u002Fchoose-a-statistical-test","How do I choose which statistical test to use?",{"path":426,"heading":427},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-methods\u002Fhow-many-interviews-is-enough","How many interviews are enough for a qualitative study?",{"path":429,"heading":430},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-methods\u002Fhow-to-do-thematic-analysis","How do I do thematic analysis step by step?",{"path":432,"heading":433},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-methods\u002Finductive-or-deductive-coding","What is the difference between inductive and deductive thematic analysis?",{"path":435,"heading":436},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-methods\u002Fintegrate-mixed-methods-data","How do I integrate qualitative and quantitative data in a mixed methods study?",{"path":438,"heading":439},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-methods\u002Frigour-in-qualitative-research","How do I show rigour in qualitative research?",{"path":441,"heading":442},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-methods\u002Fwhat-a-p-value-means","What does a p value actually mean?",{"path":444,"heading":445},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-methods\u002Fwork-out-your-sample-size","How do I calculate the sample size for a study?",1786014767305]