[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":442},["ShallowReactive",2],{"answers-\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fyou-described-a-result-too-broadly":3,"answers-cluster-citations":112,"answers-related-\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fyou-described-a-result-too-broadly":167},{"id":4,"title":5,"answer":6,"body":7,"cluster":72,"description":73,"extension":74,"faq":75,"heading":78,"intro":66,"kind":79,"meta":80,"navigation":81,"order":82,"outbound":83,"path":90,"primaryQuery":91,"product":92,"related":95,"seo":98,"sources":99,"stem":110,"updated":103,"__hash__":111},"answers\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fyou-described-a-result-too-broadly.md","You Cited the Right Paper and Overstated It","Put the study's actual conditions back into the sentence. Name the population, the setting, or the measure that the finding depended on. \"Mentoring improves retention\" becomes \"mentoring improved three-year retention among first-year teachers in one national sample\", which is both accurate and more informative.",{"type":8,"value":9,"toc":65},"minimark",[10,14,17,20,23,26,31,34,37,40,43,46,50,53,56,59,62],[11,12,13],"p",{},"Overstatement is rarely deliberate. It happens because a sentence gets shorter through editing, and the first things cut are the conditions, since they are the clauses that make prose feel cluttered. Three revisions later, a careful finding has become a general law and no dishonesty occurred at any step.",[11,15,16],{},"It also happens through compression across a paragraph. You write the qualified version, then refer back to it in a later sentence with a shorthand, and the shorthand is what a reader remembers. The abstract inherits the shorthand, and by the time the thesis is finished the strongest version is the one in the most prominent place.",[11,18,19],{},"The fix is mechanical and the result usually reads better. Adding the population and the measure gives the reader information rather than taking it away. \"Improved three-year retention among first-year teachers\" is a more useful sentence than \"improves retention\", and it is also harder to attack.",[11,21,22],{},"Putting the conditions back also means keeping a number attached to what produced it. Jergas and Baethge pooled 28 studies of quotation accuracy and estimated a total quotation error rate of 25.4%, with a 95% confidence interval of 19.5% to 32.4% and heterogeneity of I² = 97% (Jergas and Baethge, 2015, p. 11). \"Medical journal articles contain 25.4% misleading citations\" drops all of that and turns a weighted average into a constant. \"Across 28 heterogeneous studies of medical journal articles, the pooled quotation error rate was 25.4%\" keeps the estimate and tells the reader what it estimates.",[11,24,25],{},"The right time to do this is in a dedicated pass, not while drafting. Trying to write with perfect calibration is how drafts stall. Write loosely, then run a pass whose only job is to put the conditions back.",[27,28,30],"h2",{"id":29},"which-parts-of-a-claim-usually-drift-away-from-the-evidence","Which parts of a claim usually drift away from the evidence?",[11,32,33],{},"Four. Population, where a result from one group becomes general. Strength, where an association becomes a cause. Certainty, where a tentative finding loses its hedge. And scope, where an effect measured on one outcome is described as affecting a whole domain.",[11,35,36],{},"The strength drift is the most serious and the easiest to make. Verbs do it silently: \"is associated with\" becomes \"affects\" becomes \"improves\" becomes \"drives\". Each step sounds like better writing and each one claims more than the last.",[11,38,39],{},"Scan your verbs specifically. A pass through the chapter looking only at the verb in every cited sentence catches more overstatement in an hour than a general read-through catches in a day.",[11,41,42],{},"Certainty drifts fastest when a significance threshold gets read as proof. Ioannidis works through a case of 100,000 gene polymorphisms with about ten true associations, 60% power to detect an odds ratio of 1.3, and α = .05, where a result that barely crosses the threshold raises the probability that the finding is true roughly twelvefold and still leaves that probability at 12 in 10,000 (Ioannidis, 2005, p. 699). If the study you are citing tested many possibilities or measured a small effect, \"the study proved that this gene causes schizophrenia\" is wrong in both verb and certainty. Name the association that was tested, the threshold it met, and the fact that it needs confirmation.",[11,44,45],{},"Scope drift often arrives from the literature rather than from your own sentence. Greenberg traced the citation network around a claim about β-amyloid in inclusion-body myositis and found that supportive papers took 94% of 214 citations, while six papers that weakened or refuted the claim took 6%, with P = .01 (Greenberg, 2009, p. 3). Those neglected papers reported that the protein was produced by macrophages across inflammatory myopathies, not uniquely by the muscle fibers in question. \"The literature demonstrates\" and \"researchers agree\" are the phrasings that hide this, so when you catch yourself writing either one, check what the cited study tested and which contrary studies it left out (Greenberg, 2009, p. 8).",[27,47,49],{"id":48},"how-do-i-hedge-a-claim-without-sounding-uncertain","How do I hedge a claim without sounding uncertain?",[11,51,52],{},"Hedge with specifics rather than with qualifiers. \"In two longitudinal samples\" is a limit and reads as knowledge. \"It may possibly be the case that\" is the same limit and reads as evasion. Precision about conditions is the confident form of hedging.",[11,54,55],{},"Stacked hedges are the giveaway. \"May potentially suggest that it could be possible\" appears when a writer is uncertain about how uncertain to be, and the solution is to decide what the evidence actually shows and say that.",[11,57,58],{},"A specific hedge can also record what the study failed to settle. In Jergas and Baethge's sensitivity analyses the total error estimate moved only between 21.8% and 26.1%, and major errors stayed between 11.6% and 12.3%, but heterogeneity remained between I² = 82% and 98% and its sources went unexplained even after subgroup analysis and meta-regression (Jergas and Baethge, 2015, p. 5). \"The result was robust\" flattens those two facts into one. \"The pooled pattern held across sensitivity analyses, although between-study heterogeneity remained unexplained\" costs you one clause and reports what actually happened.",[11,60,61],{},"One clean hedge per claim is enough. If a sentence needs two, it is probably making two claims and should be split, which usually improves the paragraph as well as the accuracy.",[11,63,64],{},"The last place to check is the abstract, because that is where compression is worst and where a reader forms their impression of what you are claiming. An abstract that is bolder than the chapter it summarizes is the version an examiner will quote back at you.",{"title":66,"searchDepth":67,"depth":67,"links":68},"",4,[69,71],{"id":29,"depth":70,"text":30},2,{"id":48,"depth":70,"text":49},"citations","How to fix a sentence that describes a study's result too broadly, which parts of a claim drift away from the evidence, and how to hedge without sounding unsure.","md",[76,77],{"q":30,"a":33},{"q":49,"a":52},"How do I fix a sentence that describes a study's result too broadly?","answer",{},true,8,[84,87],{"label":85,"to":86},"AI verification of claims and citations","\u002Fdocs\u002Fcore-concepts\u002Fai-verification",{"label":88,"to":89},"The literature review workflow","\u002Fdocs\u002Fresearch-workflows\u002Fliterature-review","\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fyou-described-a-result-too-broadly","i cited the right paper but described the result too broadly",{"text":93,"to":86,"label":94},"Agent Bayes scores how well a claim's attached evidence supports the claim as written, and where the phrasing overstates the sources it rewrites the wording into alignment while preserving what you meant. The rewritten claim keeps its citations and its page references.","How claim rephrasing works",[96,97],"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fwrite-a-discussion-section","\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fcan-you-trust-an-ai-summary",{"title":5,"description":73},[100,104,107],{"label":101,"url":102,"checked":103},"Jergas and Baethge, Quotation accuracy in medical journal articles, a systematic review and meta-analysis, PeerJ (2015)","https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.7717\u002Fpeerj.1364","2026-08-06",{"label":105,"url":106,"checked":103},"Greenberg, How citation distortions create unfounded authority: analysis of a citation network, BMJ (2009)","https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1136\u002Fbmj.b2680",{"label":108,"url":109,"checked":103},"Ioannidis, Why most published research findings are false, PLoS Medicine (2005)","https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1371\u002Fjournal.pmed.0020124","answers\u002Fcitations\u002Fyou-described-a-result-too-broadly","y88xsquN49NcnHoBgYetPIl2gk6Rj5BmVJIOBdYWRLM",[113,118,122,127,131,136,141,146,147,152,157,162],{"path":114,"heading":115,"description":116,"order":117},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fdo-i-need-to-cite-everything","Do I need to cite absolutely everything in a thesis?","Whether every sentence in a thesis needs a citation, what counts as common knowledge in your field, and whether it is possible to cite too much.",1,{"path":119,"heading":120,"description":121,"order":70},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fwhere-does-the-citation-go","Where should a citation go when only one clause in a sentence needs support?","Where the citation marker belongs when only part of a sentence comes from a source, whether to repeat it every sentence, and how to attribute a paragraph.",{"path":123,"heading":124,"description":125,"order":126},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fcite-the-paper-you-read-or-the-original","Should I cite the paper I read or the original study it references?","Whether to cite the paper you actually read or the original study it references, when an as cited in citation is acceptable, and what goes in the reference list.",3,{"path":128,"heading":129,"description":130,"order":67},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fciting-a-paper-you-cannot-access","Can I cite a paper I cannot get hold of?","What to do about a paywalled or unavailable paper you need to cite, the legitimate ways to get a copy, and how to cite it if you genuinely cannot read it.",{"path":132,"heading":133,"description":134,"order":135},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fciting-a-review-instead-of-the-original","Is citing a review instead of the original research bad practice?","Whether citing a review article instead of the primary studies is acceptable, when a review is the right citation, and how many sources a broad claim needs.",5,{"path":137,"heading":138,"description":139,"order":140},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fcited-source-does-not-say-that","What do I do when a paper's cited source does not support its claim?","What to do when a paper's citation does not support the claim attached to it, how far back through a citation chain to check, and whether you can use the claim.",6,{"path":142,"heading":143,"description":144,"order":145},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fcheck-every-claim-against-its-citation","How do I check that every claim in my thesis is supported by its citation?","How to verify that every claim in a thesis is supported by its source, what a claim-level audit looks like, and whether an abstract can support a claim.",7,{"path":90,"heading":78,"description":73,"order":82},{"path":148,"heading":149,"description":150,"order":151},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fjournal-page-number-or-pdf-page-number","Do I use the journal page number or the PDF page number in a citation?","Which page number belongs in a citation when the PDF numbering differs, whether paraphrases need page numbers, and how to cite a source that has no pages at all.",9,{"path":153,"heading":154,"description":155,"order":156},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fquoting-a-source-in-another-language","How do I quote a source in another language in an English thesis?","How to quote a non-English source in an English thesis, whether to give the original or the translation or both, and how to cite a translation you made yourself.",10,{"path":158,"heading":159,"description":160,"order":161},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fhow-much-self-citation","How much self-citation is acceptable?","How much self-citation is acceptable in a paper or thesis, whether editors and reviewers flag it, and how to cite your own unpublished or in-progress work.",11,{"path":163,"heading":164,"description":165,"order":166},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fzotero-or-mendeley","Should I use Zotero or Mendeley for a PhD?","How to choose between Zotero and Mendeley for doctoral work, how to migrate a library from one to the other, and how to stop duplicate references accumulating.",12,[168,171,174,177,180,183,185,188,191,194,197,200,203,206,209,211,214,217,220,223,226,229,232,235,236,237,238,239,240,241,242,243,244,245,246,247,250,253,256,259,262,265,268,271,274,277,280,283,286,289,292,295,298,301,304,307,310,313,316,319,322,325,328,331,334,337,340,343,346,349,352,355,358,361,364,367,370,373,376,379,382,385,388,391,394,397,400,403,406,409,412,415,418,421,424,427,430,433,436,439],{"path":169,"heading":170},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fdraft-without-stopping-for-citations","How do I draft when I keep stopping to look up citations?",{"path":172,"heading":173},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fhow-long-should-a-literature-review-chapter-be","How long should a literature review chapter be?",{"path":175,"heading":176},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fparaphrase-without-plagiarizing","How do I paraphrase a source without plagiarizing?",{"path":178,"heading":179},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fstructure-a-phd-thesis","How do I structure a PhD thesis chapter by chapter?",{"path":181,"heading":182},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fthesis-by-publication-or-monograph","Should I do a thesis by publication or a monograph?",{"path":96,"heading":184},"How do I write a discussion section without repeating the results?",{"path":186,"heading":187},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fwrite-a-methodology-chapter","How do I write a methodology chapter?",{"path":189,"heading":190},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fwrite-a-thesis-introduction","How do I write a thesis introduction?",{"path":192,"heading":193},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fwrite-an-abstract","How do I write an abstract for a research paper?",{"path":195,"heading":196},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fwrite-consistently-during-a-phd","How do I write consistently during a PhD?",{"path":198,"heading":199},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fai-for-systematic-review-screening","Can I use AI for screening in a systematic review?",{"path":201,"heading":202},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fare-ai-detectors-reliable","Are AI detectors reliable?",{"path":204,"heading":205},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fcan-an-ai-be-an-author","Can an AI tool be listed as an author on a paper?",{"path":207,"heading":208},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fcan-i-use-ai-for-a-literature-review","Can I use AI for a literature review?",{"path":97,"heading":210},"Can I trust AI summaries of research papers?",{"path":212,"heading":213},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fdisclose-ai-use-in-a-paper","Do I need to disclose AI use in a research paper?",{"path":215,"heading":216},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fhow-to-cite-chatgpt","How do I cite ChatGPT in APA 7?",{"path":218,"heading":219},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fis-using-chatgpt-plagiarism","Is using ChatGPT for academic writing plagiarism?",{"path":221,"heading":222},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fusing-ai-in-a-phd-thesis","Can I use AI in a PhD thesis?",{"path":224,"heading":225},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fusing-ai-to-write-a-peer-review","Can I use AI to help write a peer review?",{"path":227,"heading":228},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fverify-ai-generated-citations","How do I check whether AI-generated citations are real?",{"path":230,"heading":231},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fwhy-ai-answers-better-on-your-own-pdfs","Why does an AI answer better when it reads my own PDFs?",{"path":233,"heading":234},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fwhy-chatgpt-invents-references","Why does ChatGPT make up references?",{"path":142,"heading":143},{"path":123,"heading":124},{"path":137,"heading":138},{"path":128,"heading":129},{"path":132,"heading":133},{"path":114,"heading":115},{"path":158,"heading":159},{"path":148,"heading":149},{"path":153,"heading":154},{"path":119,"heading":120},{"path":90,"heading":78},{"path":163,"heading":164},{"path":248,"heading":249},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fbuild-a-synthesis-matrix","How do I build a synthesis matrix when my themes keep changing as I read?",{"path":251,"heading":252},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fkeep-a-literature-review-current","How do I keep a literature review current over a multi-year PhD?",{"path":254,"heading":255},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fliterature-review-synthesis-or-summary","How do I know if my literature review is synthesis or just a summary?",{"path":257,"heading":258},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fliterature-review-too-descriptive","What does it mean when a supervisor says a literature review is too descriptive?",{"path":260,"heading":261},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fnarrative-scoping-or-systematic-review","What is the difference between a narrative literature review and a systematic review?",{"path":263,"heading":264},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Forganize-literature-review-by-argument","How do I organize a literature review by argument instead of by paper?",{"path":266,"heading":267},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Freview-that-leads-to-your-question","How do I write a literature review that leads logically to my research question?",{"path":269,"heading":270},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fscreening-abstracts-for-a-review","How do I screen hundreds of abstracts for a systematic review?",{"path":272,"heading":273},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fstudies-with-opposite-conclusions","What do I write when two studies on the same question reach opposite conclusions?",{"path":275,"heading":276},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fsynthesis-matrix-into-paragraphs","How do I turn a synthesis matrix into literature review paragraphs?",{"path":278,"heading":279},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fsystematic-review-search-strategy","How do I build a search strategy for a systematic review?",{"path":281,"heading":282},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fwhen-to-stop-searching-for-papers","How do I know when to stop searching for papers for a literature review?",{"path":284,"heading":285},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fphd-life\u002Fdefend-your-methodology-in-a-viva","How do I defend my methodology in a viva?",{"path":287,"heading":288},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fphd-life\u002Fimposter-syndrome-in-a-phd","How do I deal with imposter syndrome during a PhD?",{"path":290,"heading":291},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fphd-life\u002Fplan-a-realistic-phd-timeline","How do I plan a realistic PhD timeline?",{"path":293,"heading":294},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fphd-life\u002Fpostdoc-or-industry","Should I do a postdoc or go to industry after my PhD?",{"path":296,"heading":297},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fphd-life\u002Fprepare-for-a-phd-viva","How do I prepare for a PhD viva?",{"path":299,"heading":300},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fphd-life\u002Fstop-procrastinating-on-your-phd","How do I stop procrastinating on my PhD?",{"path":302,"heading":303},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fphd-life\u002Fwhat-happens-if-a-viva-goes-badly","What happens if you fail a PhD viva?",{"path":305,"heading":306},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fphd-life\u002Fwhen-your-supervisor-is-not-supportive","What do I do when my PhD supervisor is not supportive?",{"path":308,"heading":309},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fphd-life\u002Fwrite-an-academic-cv","How do I write an academic CV for a postdoc application?",{"path":311,"heading":312},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Fchoose-a-journal","How do I choose a journal for my paper?",{"path":314,"heading":315},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Fdo-you-pay-to-publish-open-access","Do I have to pay to publish open access?",{"path":317,"heading":318},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Fhow-author-order-is-decided","How is author order decided on a paper?",{"path":320,"heading":321},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Fhow-peer-review-works","How does journal peer review actually work?",{"path":323,"heading":324},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Fhow-to-cite-a-preprint","How do I cite a preprint?",{"path":326,"heading":327},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Fjournal-submission-cover-letter","How do I write a cover letter for a journal submission?",{"path":329,"heading":330},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Frespond-to-reviewer-comments","How do I respond to peer reviewer comments?",{"path":332,"heading":333},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Fshould-you-post-a-preprint","Should I post my paper as a preprint?",{"path":335,"heading":336},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Fspot-a-predatory-journal","How do I tell if a journal is predatory?",{"path":338,"heading":339},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Fwhy-papers-get-desk-rejected","Why was my paper desk rejected?",{"path":341,"heading":342},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Ffind-the-paper-you-half-remember","How do I find a paper when I only remember the argument it made?",{"path":344,"heading":345},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Fhighlighting-pdfs-stops-working","Why can I never find my PDF highlights again?",{"path":347,"heading":348},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Fhow-many-papers-can-you-read-a-day","How many papers can a PhD student realistically read in a day?",{"path":350,"heading":351},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Fkeep-up-with-new-papers","How do I keep up with new papers without reading everything?",{"path":353,"heading":354},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Fnon-english-studies-in-a-review","How do I include non-English studies in a literature review?",{"path":356,"heading":357},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Fnote-system-takes-too-long","What do I do when my note-taking system takes longer than reading the papers?",{"path":359,"heading":360},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Forganize-100-papers","How do I organize and extract information from more than 100 papers?",{"path":362,"heading":363},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Freading-papers-in-a-second-language","How do I read research papers efficiently when English is my second language?",{"path":365,"heading":366},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Fremember-what-a-paper-said","How do I remember what was in papers I read months ago?",{"path":368,"heading":369},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Frestart-a-project-after-months-away","How do I get back into a research project after months away?",{"path":371,"heading":372},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Ftrack-connections-between-papers","How do I keep track of connections between papers?",{"path":374,"heading":375},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Ftriage-pdfs-before-reading","How do I triage 200 PDFs before deciding which ones to read in full?",{"path":377,"heading":378},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-data\u002Fanonymize-qualitative-data","How do I anonymize qualitative interview data?",{"path":380,"heading":381},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-data\u002Ffair-data-principles-in-practice","What are the FAIR data principles?",{"path":383,"heading":384},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-data\u002Forganize-research-data-files","How do I organize research data files?",{"path":386,"heading":387},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-data\u002Fwhat-preregistration-is","What is preregistration in research?",{"path":389,"heading":390},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-data\u002Fwrite-a-data-management-plan","How do I write a data management plan?",{"path":392,"heading":393},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-gaps\u002Fchoose-a-theoretical-framework","How do I choose a theoretical framework for my thesis?",{"path":395,"heading":396},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-gaps\u002Ffind-a-research-gap","How do I identify a research gap in the literature?",{"path":398,"heading":399},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-gaps\u002Fis-my-research-gap-original","How do I know if my research gap is original?",{"path":401,"heading":402},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-gaps\u002Fnarrow-a-broad-research-question","How do I narrow down a research question that is too broad?",{"path":404,"heading":405},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-gaps\u002Fresearch-question-changed-mid-phd","Can a research question change during a PhD?",{"path":407,"heading":408},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-gaps\u002Fresearch-question-or-hypothesis","What is the difference between a research question and a hypothesis?",{"path":410,"heading":411},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-gaps\u002Fturn-a-topic-into-a-research-question","How do I turn a research topic into a research question?",{"path":413,"heading":414},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-gaps\u002Fwhat-makes-a-good-research-question","What makes a good research question in a PhD thesis?",{"path":416,"heading":417},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-gaps\u002Fwrite-a-research-gap-statement","How do I write a research gap statement?",{"path":419,"heading":420},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-methods\u002Fchoose-a-statistical-test","How do I choose which statistical test to use?",{"path":422,"heading":423},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-methods\u002Fhow-many-interviews-is-enough","How many interviews are enough for a qualitative study?",{"path":425,"heading":426},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-methods\u002Fhow-to-do-thematic-analysis","How do I do thematic analysis step by step?",{"path":428,"heading":429},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-methods\u002Finductive-or-deductive-coding","What is the difference between inductive and deductive thematic analysis?",{"path":431,"heading":432},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-methods\u002Fintegrate-mixed-methods-data","How do I integrate qualitative and quantitative data in a mixed methods study?",{"path":434,"heading":435},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-methods\u002Frigour-in-qualitative-research","How do I show rigour in qualitative research?",{"path":437,"heading":438},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-methods\u002Fwhat-a-p-value-means","What does a p value actually mean?",{"path":440,"heading":441},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-methods\u002Fwork-out-your-sample-size","How do I calculate the sample size for a study?",1786014768410]