[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":440},["ShallowReactive",2],{"answers-\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fwhy-chatgpt-invents-references":3,"answers-cluster-ai-in-research":107,"answers-related-\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fwhy-chatgpt-invents-references":167},{"id":4,"title":5,"answer":6,"body":7,"cluster":66,"description":67,"extension":68,"faq":69,"heading":72,"intro":60,"kind":73,"meta":74,"navigation":75,"order":76,"outbound":77,"path":84,"primaryQuery":85,"product":86,"related":90,"seo":93,"sources":94,"stem":105,"updated":98,"__hash__":106},"answers\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fwhy-chatgpt-invents-references.md","Why ChatGPT Invents References That Look Real","Because a language model generates references the same way it generates any other text, by predicting plausible sequences. It has learned what a citation in your field looks like, so it assembles a convincing author, year, title, and journal. Nothing in that process checks whether the paper exists.",{"type":8,"value":9,"toc":59},"minimark",[10,14,17,20,23,28,31,34,37,40,43,47,50,53,56],[11,12,13],"p",{},"It helps to see what the model is doing as pattern completion rather than lookup. A citation has a highly regular shape: two or three surnames, a year in parentheses, a title with the right technical vocabulary, a journal whose name sounds like the field, a plausible volume and page range. A model trained on millions of reference lists reproduces that shape without difficulty. Producing a reference that is also true requires something the generation step does not do, which is to consult a record of what has actually been published.",[11,15,16],{},"This is why fabricated references are so convincing. They are not random. The invented authors are usually real researchers who publish in that area. The invented journal is usually a real journal. The invented title is usually the paper you would want to exist. Occasionally the model produces a real title attached to the wrong authors, or a real paper with a corrupted year and volume, which is harder to catch than a complete invention because the first search result looks like a match.",[11,18,19],{},"The pattern also explains when the problem is worst. Recalling literature from memory is the worst case. Asking a model to answer from documents you have supplied reduces it substantially, because the reference can be tied to a text the system actually has. It does not remove the need to check, and no architecture makes verification optional.",[11,21,22],{},"The published work supports that direction while disagreeing about how far it goes. Lewis and colleagues paired a language model with a retrievable Wikipedia index and found the resulting system generated more factual, specific, and diverse text than a parametric-only BART baseline, reaching state-of-the-art results on Natural Questions, WebQuestions, and CuratedTrec and coming within 4.3 percent of specialized pipeline models on FEVER fact verification (Lewis et al., 2020, pp. 2, 9). Xu and colleagues argue a hard limit in the other direction, that hallucination cannot be eliminated at all, because a language model cannot learn every computable function and will therefore always be inconsistent with some ground truth (Xu et al., 2024, p. 1). Their claim is about complete elimination, not about every output being wrong.",[24,25,27],"h2",{"id":26},"how-common-are-fabricated-citations-in-ai-output","How common are fabricated citations in AI output?",[11,29,30],{},"It depends entirely on the model and the task, so treat any single percentage with suspicion. In one 2023 study of short papers generated with references, 55 percent of GPT-3.5 citations and 18 percent of GPT-4 citations did not exist, and many of the real ones carried substantive errors.",[11,32,33],{},"That study, by Walters and Wilder in Scientific Reports, is worth reading in full because it separates two failure modes that get collapsed together. A fabricated citation points at nothing. An erroneous citation points at a real paper but gets the authors, year, or page range wrong, which is the kind of mistake that survives a casual check and then propagates into your reference list.",[11,35,36],{},"The breakdown by source type tells you what to check first. Across 84 generated reviews on 42 topics containing 636 references, GPT-3.5 fabricated 73 percent of the journal articles it cited, 70 percent of the book chapters, 50 percent of the websites, and 23 percent of the books (Walters and Wilder, 2023, p. 4). GPT-4 cut article fabrication to 18 percent, books to 8 percent, and websites to 10 percent, but chapter fabrication stayed at 70 percent in both models. A cited chapter in an edited volume is the reference most likely to be invented, whichever model produced it.",[11,38,39],{},"Among references that did point at real work, the errors sit in the fields you are least likely to read closely. Incorrect volume, issue, or page numbers appeared in 34 percent of GPT-3.5 article and chapter citations and 13 percent of GPT-4 citations, and incorrect publication dates in 22 percent and 16 percent (Walters and Wilder, 2023, p. 4). The same study found five generated reviews written up as empirical studies with invented methods and results, and one GPT-4 response reporting fabricated correlation coefficients, regression coefficients, and p values (Walters and Wilder, 2023, p. 6). Fabrication is not confined to the bibliography.",[11,41,42],{},"Other published measurements from the same period range from roughly a quarter to more than two thirds fabricated, depending on the discipline, the prompt, and the model. The spread is the finding. There is no stable rate to quote, which is exactly why \"the newer models are better now\" is not a verification strategy.",[24,44,46],{"id":45},"how-do-i-check-whether-a-citation-is-real","How do I check whether a citation is real?",[11,48,49],{},"Search the exact title in Crossref, PubMed, Scopus, or your library catalog, not in the chat window. If the title returns nothing, the reference is fabricated. If it returns a real paper, open it and confirm the authors, year, journal, and page range match, then read the passage that supposedly supports the claim.",[11,51,52],{},"Asking the model whether its own citation is real does not work, because the same generation process produces the confirmation. Neither does a DOI resolving, on its own, prove much, since a fabricated reference sometimes carries a DOI belonging to a different paper.",[11,54,55],{},"Walters and Wilder tested that request directly and report that ChatGPT frequently stood by incorrect claims when asked to verify them, which follows from their description of it as a language-processing tool rather than an information-processing one, imitating the textual patterns of scholarship without reproducing the underlying content (Walters and Wilder, 2023, p. 1). A confident second opinion from the same system is the same first answer restated.",[11,57,58],{},"The last step is the one people skip and the one that matters most. A reference can exist, be formatted correctly, and still not support the sentence attached to it. Verification is finished when you have read the relevant passage, not when the search returned a hit.",{"title":60,"searchDepth":61,"depth":61,"links":62},"",4,[63,65],{"id":26,"depth":64,"text":27},2,{"id":45,"depth":64,"text":46},"ai-in-research","Why language models produce citations to papers that do not exist, what published studies measured about how often it happens, and how to check a reference fast.","md",[70,71],{"q":27,"a":30},{"q":46,"a":49},"Why does ChatGPT make up references?","answer",{},true,1,[78,81],{"label":79,"to":80},"What separates AI research tools","\u002Fblog\u002Fwhat-separates-ai-research-tools",{"label":82,"to":83},"ChatGPT Deep Research compared with Agent Bayes","\u002Fcompare\u002Fchatgpt-deep-research-vs-agent-bayes","\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fwhy-chatgpt-invents-references","why does chatgpt make up references",{"text":87,"to":88,"label":89},"Agent Bayes is built around the opposite constraint. It answers only from papers you have put in your own library, and every claim it writes links to the passage it came from, so any citation opens at the page it was taken from. When your library does not contain an answer, it reports that instead of composing one.","\u002Ffeatures","See how citation-backed claims work",[91,92],"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fcheck-every-claim-against-its-citation","\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fcited-source-does-not-say-that",{"title":5,"description":67},[95,99,102],{"label":96,"url":97,"checked":98},"Walters and Wilder, Fabrication and errors in the bibliographic citations generated by ChatGPT, Scientific Reports (2023)","https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1038\u002Fs41598-023-41032-5","2026-08-06",{"label":100,"url":101,"checked":98},"Xu et al., Hallucination is Inevitable: An Innate Limitation of Large Language Models, arXiv (2024)","https:\u002F\u002Farxiv.org\u002Fabs\u002F2401.11817",{"label":103,"url":104,"checked":98},"Lewis et al., Retrieval-Augmented Generation for Knowledge-Intensive NLP Tasks, arXiv (2020)","https:\u002F\u002Farxiv.org\u002Fabs\u002F2005.11401","answers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fwhy-chatgpt-invents-references","XRsBlVEm0lZj0S6Lsu-YYS2aKPGDwwt3LjwNz89R-4A",[108,109,113,118,122,127,132,137,142,147,152,157,162],{"path":84,"heading":72,"description":67,"order":76},{"path":110,"heading":111,"description":112,"order":64},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fcan-i-use-ai-for-a-literature-review","Can I use AI for a literature review?","Whether AI can be used for a literature review, which parts of the process it genuinely helps with, and which parts have to stay human to survive examination.",{"path":114,"heading":115,"description":116,"order":117},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fis-using-chatgpt-plagiarism","Is using ChatGPT for academic writing plagiarism?","Whether using ChatGPT in academic writing counts as plagiarism, where the line between editing and generating falls, and what university policies typically say.",3,{"path":119,"heading":120,"description":121,"order":61},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fdisclose-ai-use-in-a-paper","Do I need to disclose AI use in a research paper?","When AI use must be disclosed in a research paper, what the major publishers require and where the statement goes, and which uses are exempt from declaration.",{"path":123,"heading":124,"description":125,"order":126},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fcan-an-ai-be-an-author","Can an AI tool be listed as an author on a paper?","Whether an AI tool can be named as an author on a research paper, what COPE and ICMJE say about it, and how to credit AI assistance properly instead.",5,{"path":128,"heading":129,"description":130,"order":131},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fare-ai-detectors-reliable","Are AI detectors reliable?","What published studies found about AI text detector accuracy, why detectors flag non-native English writers more often, and what to do if your writing is flagged.",6,{"path":133,"heading":134,"description":135,"order":136},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fhow-to-cite-chatgpt","How do I cite ChatGPT in APA 7?","How to cite ChatGPT and other AI tools in APA 7, MLA 9, and Chicago style, and whether a chat should be cited at all or described in the methods instead.",7,{"path":138,"heading":139,"description":140,"order":141},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fverify-ai-generated-citations","How do I check whether AI-generated citations are real?","How to verify AI-generated citations in a few minutes, what a fabricated reference usually looks like, and how to confirm the source says what was claimed.",8,{"path":143,"heading":144,"description":145,"order":146},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fcan-you-trust-an-ai-summary","Can I trust AI summaries of research papers?","How reliable AI summaries of research papers are, what summarizers systematically get wrong, and how to check a summary in under two minutes.",9,{"path":148,"heading":149,"description":150,"order":151},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fusing-ai-in-a-phd-thesis","Can I use AI in a PhD thesis?","Whether AI can be used in a doctoral thesis, what university policies typically permit and require, and how to raise the question with your supervisor.",10,{"path":153,"heading":154,"description":155,"order":156},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fai-for-systematic-review-screening","Can I use AI for screening in a systematic review?","Whether AI can be used to screen studies in a systematic review, what reporting guidelines require you to declare, and how to validate an automated screening step.",11,{"path":158,"heading":159,"description":160,"order":161},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fwhy-ai-answers-better-on-your-own-pdfs","Why does an AI answer better when it reads my own PDFs?","Why an AI gives better answers when it works from documents you supplied, what retrieval is and why it reduces fabrication, and whether it removes errors entirely.",12,{"path":163,"heading":164,"description":165,"order":166},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fusing-ai-to-write-a-peer-review","Can I use AI to help write a peer review?","Whether AI can be used to help write a peer review, what uploading an unpublished manuscript to a chatbot risks, and what publishers and funders currently allow.",13,[168,171,174,177,180,183,186,189,192,195,198,199,200,201,202,203,204,205,206,207,208,209,210,211,213,216,218,221,224,227,230,233,236,239,242,245,248,251,254,257,260,263,266,269,272,275,278,281,284,287,290,293,296,299,302,305,308,311,314,317,320,323,326,329,332,335,338,341,344,347,350,353,356,359,362,365,368,371,374,377,380,383,386,389,392,395,398,401,404,407,410,413,416,419,422,425,428,431,434,437],{"path":169,"heading":170},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fdraft-without-stopping-for-citations","How do I draft when I keep stopping to look up citations?",{"path":172,"heading":173},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fhow-long-should-a-literature-review-chapter-be","How long should a literature review chapter be?",{"path":175,"heading":176},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fparaphrase-without-plagiarizing","How do I paraphrase a source without plagiarizing?",{"path":178,"heading":179},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fstructure-a-phd-thesis","How do I structure a PhD thesis chapter by chapter?",{"path":181,"heading":182},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fthesis-by-publication-or-monograph","Should I do a thesis by publication or a monograph?",{"path":184,"heading":185},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fwrite-a-discussion-section","How do I write a discussion section without repeating the results?",{"path":187,"heading":188},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fwrite-a-methodology-chapter","How do I write a methodology chapter?",{"path":190,"heading":191},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fwrite-a-thesis-introduction","How do I write a thesis introduction?",{"path":193,"heading":194},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fwrite-an-abstract","How do I write an abstract for a research paper?",{"path":196,"heading":197},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fwrite-consistently-during-a-phd","How do I write consistently during a PhD?",{"path":153,"heading":154},{"path":128,"heading":129},{"path":123,"heading":124},{"path":110,"heading":111},{"path":143,"heading":144},{"path":119,"heading":120},{"path":133,"heading":134},{"path":114,"heading":115},{"path":148,"heading":149},{"path":163,"heading":164},{"path":138,"heading":139},{"path":158,"heading":159},{"path":84,"heading":72},{"path":91,"heading":212},"How do I check that every claim in my thesis is supported by its citation?",{"path":214,"heading":215},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fcite-the-paper-you-read-or-the-original","Should I cite the paper I read or the original study it references?",{"path":92,"heading":217},"What do I do when a paper's cited source does not support its claim?",{"path":219,"heading":220},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fciting-a-paper-you-cannot-access","Can I cite a paper I cannot get hold of?",{"path":222,"heading":223},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fciting-a-review-instead-of-the-original","Is citing a review instead of the original research bad practice?",{"path":225,"heading":226},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fdo-i-need-to-cite-everything","Do I need to cite absolutely everything in a thesis?",{"path":228,"heading":229},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fhow-much-self-citation","How much self-citation is acceptable?",{"path":231,"heading":232},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fjournal-page-number-or-pdf-page-number","Do I use the journal page number or the PDF page number in a citation?",{"path":234,"heading":235},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fquoting-a-source-in-another-language","How do I quote a source in another language in an English thesis?",{"path":237,"heading":238},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fwhere-does-the-citation-go","Where should a citation go when only one clause in a sentence needs support?",{"path":240,"heading":241},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fyou-described-a-result-too-broadly","How do I fix a sentence that describes a study's result too broadly?",{"path":243,"heading":244},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fzotero-or-mendeley","Should I use Zotero or Mendeley for a PhD?",{"path":246,"heading":247},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fbuild-a-synthesis-matrix","How do I build a synthesis matrix when my themes keep changing as I read?",{"path":249,"heading":250},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fkeep-a-literature-review-current","How do I keep a literature review current over a multi-year PhD?",{"path":252,"heading":253},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fliterature-review-synthesis-or-summary","How do I know if my literature review is synthesis or just a summary?",{"path":255,"heading":256},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fliterature-review-too-descriptive","What does it mean when a supervisor says a literature review is too descriptive?",{"path":258,"heading":259},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fnarrative-scoping-or-systematic-review","What is the difference between a narrative literature review and a systematic review?",{"path":261,"heading":262},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Forganize-literature-review-by-argument","How do I organize a literature review by argument instead of by paper?",{"path":264,"heading":265},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Freview-that-leads-to-your-question","How do I write a literature review that leads logically to my research question?",{"path":267,"heading":268},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fscreening-abstracts-for-a-review","How do I screen hundreds of abstracts for a systematic review?",{"path":270,"heading":271},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fstudies-with-opposite-conclusions","What do I write when two studies on the same question reach opposite conclusions?",{"path":273,"heading":274},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fsynthesis-matrix-into-paragraphs","How do I turn a synthesis matrix into literature review paragraphs?",{"path":276,"heading":277},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fsystematic-review-search-strategy","How do I build a search strategy for a systematic review?",{"path":279,"heading":280},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fwhen-to-stop-searching-for-papers","How do I know when to stop searching for papers for a literature review?",{"path":282,"heading":283},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fphd-life\u002Fdefend-your-methodology-in-a-viva","How do I defend my methodology in a viva?",{"path":285,"heading":286},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fphd-life\u002Fimposter-syndrome-in-a-phd","How do I deal with imposter syndrome during a PhD?",{"path":288,"heading":289},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fphd-life\u002Fplan-a-realistic-phd-timeline","How do I plan a realistic PhD timeline?",{"path":291,"heading":292},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fphd-life\u002Fpostdoc-or-industry","Should I do a postdoc or go to industry after my PhD?",{"path":294,"heading":295},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fphd-life\u002Fprepare-for-a-phd-viva","How do I prepare for a PhD viva?",{"path":297,"heading":298},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fphd-life\u002Fstop-procrastinating-on-your-phd","How do I stop procrastinating on my PhD?",{"path":300,"heading":301},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fphd-life\u002Fwhat-happens-if-a-viva-goes-badly","What happens if you fail a PhD viva?",{"path":303,"heading":304},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fphd-life\u002Fwhen-your-supervisor-is-not-supportive","What do I do when my PhD supervisor is not supportive?",{"path":306,"heading":307},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fphd-life\u002Fwrite-an-academic-cv","How do I write an academic CV for a postdoc application?",{"path":309,"heading":310},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Fchoose-a-journal","How do I choose a journal for my paper?",{"path":312,"heading":313},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Fdo-you-pay-to-publish-open-access","Do I have to pay to publish open access?",{"path":315,"heading":316},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Fhow-author-order-is-decided","How is author order decided on a paper?",{"path":318,"heading":319},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Fhow-peer-review-works","How does journal peer review actually work?",{"path":321,"heading":322},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Fhow-to-cite-a-preprint","How do I cite a preprint?",{"path":324,"heading":325},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Fjournal-submission-cover-letter","How do I write a cover letter for a journal submission?",{"path":327,"heading":328},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Frespond-to-reviewer-comments","How do I respond to peer reviewer comments?",{"path":330,"heading":331},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Fshould-you-post-a-preprint","Should I post my paper as a preprint?",{"path":333,"heading":334},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Fspot-a-predatory-journal","How do I tell if a journal is predatory?",{"path":336,"heading":337},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Fwhy-papers-get-desk-rejected","Why was my paper desk rejected?",{"path":339,"heading":340},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Ffind-the-paper-you-half-remember","How do I find a paper when I only remember the argument it made?",{"path":342,"heading":343},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Fhighlighting-pdfs-stops-working","Why can I never find my PDF highlights again?",{"path":345,"heading":346},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Fhow-many-papers-can-you-read-a-day","How many papers can a PhD student realistically read in a day?",{"path":348,"heading":349},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Fkeep-up-with-new-papers","How do I keep up with new papers without reading everything?",{"path":351,"heading":352},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Fnon-english-studies-in-a-review","How do I include non-English studies in a literature review?",{"path":354,"heading":355},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Fnote-system-takes-too-long","What do I do when my note-taking system takes longer than reading the papers?",{"path":357,"heading":358},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Forganize-100-papers","How do I organize and extract information from more than 100 papers?",{"path":360,"heading":361},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Freading-papers-in-a-second-language","How do I read research papers efficiently when English is my second language?",{"path":363,"heading":364},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Fremember-what-a-paper-said","How do I remember what was in papers I read months ago?",{"path":366,"heading":367},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Frestart-a-project-after-months-away","How do I get back into a research project after months away?",{"path":369,"heading":370},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Ftrack-connections-between-papers","How do I keep track of connections between papers?",{"path":372,"heading":373},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Ftriage-pdfs-before-reading","How do I triage 200 PDFs before deciding which ones to read in full?",{"path":375,"heading":376},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-data\u002Fanonymize-qualitative-data","How do I anonymize qualitative interview data?",{"path":378,"heading":379},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-data\u002Ffair-data-principles-in-practice","What are the FAIR data principles?",{"path":381,"heading":382},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-data\u002Forganize-research-data-files","How do I organize research data files?",{"path":384,"heading":385},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-data\u002Fwhat-preregistration-is","What is preregistration in research?",{"path":387,"heading":388},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-data\u002Fwrite-a-data-management-plan","How do I write a data management plan?",{"path":390,"heading":391},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-gaps\u002Fchoose-a-theoretical-framework","How do I choose a theoretical framework for my thesis?",{"path":393,"heading":394},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-gaps\u002Ffind-a-research-gap","How do I identify a research gap in the literature?",{"path":396,"heading":397},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-gaps\u002Fis-my-research-gap-original","How do I know if my research gap is original?",{"path":399,"heading":400},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-gaps\u002Fnarrow-a-broad-research-question","How do I narrow down a research question that is too broad?",{"path":402,"heading":403},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-gaps\u002Fresearch-question-changed-mid-phd","Can a research question change during a PhD?",{"path":405,"heading":406},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-gaps\u002Fresearch-question-or-hypothesis","What is the difference between a research question and a hypothesis?",{"path":408,"heading":409},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-gaps\u002Fturn-a-topic-into-a-research-question","How do I turn a research topic into a research question?",{"path":411,"heading":412},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-gaps\u002Fwhat-makes-a-good-research-question","What makes a good research question in a PhD thesis?",{"path":414,"heading":415},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-gaps\u002Fwrite-a-research-gap-statement","How do I write a research gap statement?",{"path":417,"heading":418},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-methods\u002Fchoose-a-statistical-test","How do I choose which statistical test to use?",{"path":420,"heading":421},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-methods\u002Fhow-many-interviews-is-enough","How many interviews are enough for a qualitative study?",{"path":423,"heading":424},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-methods\u002Fhow-to-do-thematic-analysis","How do I do thematic analysis step by step?",{"path":426,"heading":427},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-methods\u002Finductive-or-deductive-coding","What is the difference between inductive and deductive thematic analysis?",{"path":429,"heading":430},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-methods\u002Fintegrate-mixed-methods-data","How do I integrate qualitative and quantitative data in a mixed methods study?",{"path":432,"heading":433},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-methods\u002Frigour-in-qualitative-research","How do I show rigour in qualitative research?",{"path":435,"heading":436},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-methods\u002Fwhat-a-p-value-means","What does a p value actually mean?",{"path":438,"heading":439},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-methods\u002Fwork-out-your-sample-size","How do I calculate the sample size for a study?",1786014768466]