[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":446},["ShallowReactive",2],{"answers-\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fverify-ai-generated-citations":3,"answers-cluster-ai-in-research":113,"answers-related-\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fverify-ai-generated-citations":173},{"id":4,"title":5,"answer":6,"body":7,"cluster":72,"description":73,"extension":74,"faq":75,"heading":78,"intro":66,"kind":79,"meta":80,"navigation":81,"order":82,"outbound":83,"path":90,"primaryQuery":91,"product":92,"related":96,"seo":99,"sources":100,"stem":111,"updated":104,"__hash__":112},"answers\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fverify-ai-generated-citations.md","How to Check Whether AI Citations Are Real","Three steps, in order. Search the exact title in a bibliographic index. If it resolves, confirm the authors, year, journal, volume, and pages match. Then open the paper and read the passage that is supposed to support the claim. A reference can exist and still not say what was attributed to it.",{"type":8,"value":9,"toc":65},"minimark",[10,14,17,20,23,26,29,34,37,40,43,46,50,53,56,59,62],[11,12,13],"p",{},"Verification is fast once you have a routine, and the routine matters because doing it ad hoc means skipping it under deadline. Budget one to two minutes per reference and work through the list in one sitting rather than checking as you write.",[11,15,16],{},"Step one is existence. Paste the exact title, in quotation marks, into Crossref, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, or your library catalog. Not into the chat window, and not into a general web search alone, since a fabricated title sometimes returns pages that merely quote the same fabricated reference.",[11,18,19],{},"Step two is identity. A title that resolves is not enough, because a common failure is a real paper attached to the wrong authors, year, or venue. Check every field against the record you found, and correct the reference from the record rather than from the generated version.",[11,21,22],{},"Step three is support, and it is the one people skip. Open the paper and find the passage. A reference that exists, is correctly formatted, and does not contain the claim is worse than a fabricated one, because nothing about it looks wrong until an examiner follows it.",[11,24,25],{},"Published measurements make the case for the routine. In one 2023 study of generated academic text, over half of the citations from one model did not exist, and among the real ones a substantial share carried substantive errors.",[11,27,28],{},"The rate varies by model and, more usefully for you, by source type. Across 636 references generated for 84 short literature reviews, 55 percent of the GPT-3.5 citations and 18 percent of the GPT-4 citations pointed to works that do not exist (Walters and Wilder, 2023, p. 4). For GPT-4 the failure concentrated in one format: 70 percent of cited book chapters were fabricated, against 18 percent of journal articles, 10 percent of websites, and 8 percent of books. Check the chapters in your list first, and verify both the chapter and the edited volume, since fabricated chapters often named books that do not exist either.",[30,31,33],"h2",{"id":32},"what-does-a-fabricated-citation-usually-look-like","What does a fabricated citation usually look like?",[11,35,36],{},"Entirely plausible. Real authors who publish in the area, a real journal, a title describing the paper you wanted, and a volume and page range in the right format. The giveaway is that the title returns nothing in any index, or returns a real paper by different authors in a different year.",[11,38,39],{},"Existence is only the first field that fails. Among the references in that study that turned out to be real, 43 percent of the GPT-3.5 set and 24 percent of the GPT-4 set carried at least one substantive error, including wrong volume, issue, or page numbers in 34 percent of GPT-3.5 articles and chapters, wrong dates in 22 percent, and wrong author names in 14 percent (Walters and Wilder, 2023, p. 4). GPT-4 halved those rates without removing them. A real paper with wrong metadata is a correction job, so fix the fields from the record rather than dropping the reference.",[11,41,42],{},"The DOI deserves special caution. A generated reference sometimes carries a DOI that resolves to a completely different paper, which looks like confirmation if you only check that the link works rather than what it opens.",[11,44,45],{},"The pattern to watch for is a reference that is exactly what your argument needed. Models produce the paper you were hoping for, and that convenience is a reason for more scrutiny, not less.",[30,47,49],{"id":48},"how-do-i-verify-that-the-source-says-what-the-ai-claims","How do I verify that the source says what the AI claims?",[11,51,52],{},"Search inside the full text for the specific terms of the claim, then read the surrounding paragraph. Confirm the population, the measure, and the strength of the finding, since the most common error is not invention but a real finding described more broadly than the paper supports.",[11,54,55],{},"Existence and support are separate failures, and the second one predates AI. Jergas and Baethge reviewed quotation accuracy in medical journal articles and put bibliographic accuracy explicitly outside their scope, treating whether a source says what it was cited for as its own question (Jergas and Baethge, 2015, p. 2). They found substantial quotation inaccuracy across more than two dozen studies, and the estimate held across their sensitivity and subgroup analyses (Jergas and Baethge, 2015, p. 5). Human authors misreport their sources at a serious rate, so a reference that resolves cleanly still tells you nothing about the sentence it is attached to.",[11,57,58],{},"Do not ask the model to certify its own list. Walters and Wilder report that ChatGPT often answered inaccurately when asked whether the works it cited were legitimate, and their dataset included one response that described its own bibliography as sample entries rather than actual sources (Walters and Wilder, 2023, p. 4). Those admissions are a warning, not a verification. The same authors recommend a second pass after existence and metadata: evaluate the quality of the works themselves, including whether a reference points to a publisher identified as predatory (Walters and Wilder, 2023, p. 6).",[11,60,61],{},"Where a tool gives you a page number, go to that page and check it. Where it does not, that absence is itself informative about how the claim was produced.",[11,63,64],{},"Record what you verified and when. A short column in your reference list marking each entry as checked, with the date, takes seconds per row and is exactly the evidence you want if anyone asks how the bibliography was assembled.",{"title":66,"searchDepth":67,"depth":67,"links":68},"",4,[69,71],{"id":32,"depth":70,"text":33},2,{"id":48,"depth":70,"text":49},"ai-in-research","How to verify AI-generated citations in a few minutes, what a fabricated reference usually looks like, and how to confirm the source says what was claimed.","md",[76,77],{"q":33,"a":36},{"q":49,"a":52},"How do I check whether AI-generated citations are real?","answer",{},true,8,[84,87],{"label":85,"to":86},"AI verification of claims and citations","\u002Fdocs\u002Fcore-concepts\u002Fai-verification",{"label":88,"to":89},"ChatGPT Deep Research compared with Agent Bayes","\u002Fcompare\u002Fchatgpt-deep-research-vs-agent-bayes","\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fverify-ai-generated-citations","how to check if ai generated citations are real",{"text":93,"to":94,"label":95},"Agent Bayes only answers from papers you have added to your own library, and every claim it writes links to the passage and printed page it came from, so any citation opens at its source. When your library does not support an answer, that is reported instead of filled in.","\u002Ffeatures","See how citation-backed claims work",[97,98],"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fcheck-every-claim-against-its-citation","\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fciting-a-paper-you-cannot-access",{"title":5,"description":73},[101,105,108],{"label":102,"url":103,"checked":104},"Walters and Wilder, Fabrication and errors in the bibliographic citations generated by ChatGPT, Scientific Reports (2023)","https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1038\u002Fs41598-023-41032-5","2026-08-06",{"label":106,"url":107,"checked":104},"Smith et al., Hallucination or Confabulation? Neuroanatomy as metaphor in Large Language Models, PLOS Digital Health (2023)","https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1371\u002Fjournal.pdig.0000388",{"label":109,"url":110,"checked":104},"Jergas and Baethge, Quotation accuracy in medical journal articles, a systematic review and meta-analysis, PeerJ (2015)","https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.7717\u002Fpeerj.1364","answers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fverify-ai-generated-citations","EXNDAji4BHB9Zj_F-E8XUDx95m_bxdVM6iR8_Z3AfJU",[114,119,123,128,132,137,142,147,148,153,158,163,168],{"path":115,"heading":116,"description":117,"order":118},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fwhy-chatgpt-invents-references","Why does ChatGPT make up references?","Why language models produce citations to papers that do not exist, what published studies measured about how often it happens, and how to check a reference fast.",1,{"path":120,"heading":121,"description":122,"order":70},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fcan-i-use-ai-for-a-literature-review","Can I use AI for a literature review?","Whether AI can be used for a literature review, which parts of the process it genuinely helps with, and which parts have to stay human to survive examination.",{"path":124,"heading":125,"description":126,"order":127},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fis-using-chatgpt-plagiarism","Is using ChatGPT for academic writing plagiarism?","Whether using ChatGPT in academic writing counts as plagiarism, where the line between editing and generating falls, and what university policies typically say.",3,{"path":129,"heading":130,"description":131,"order":67},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fdisclose-ai-use-in-a-paper","Do I need to disclose AI use in a research paper?","When AI use must be disclosed in a research paper, what the major publishers require and where the statement goes, and which uses are exempt from declaration.",{"path":133,"heading":134,"description":135,"order":136},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fcan-an-ai-be-an-author","Can an AI tool be listed as an author on a paper?","Whether an AI tool can be named as an author on a research paper, what COPE and ICMJE say about it, and how to credit AI assistance properly instead.",5,{"path":138,"heading":139,"description":140,"order":141},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fare-ai-detectors-reliable","Are AI detectors reliable?","What published studies found about AI text detector accuracy, why detectors flag non-native English writers more often, and what to do if your writing is flagged.",6,{"path":143,"heading":144,"description":145,"order":146},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fhow-to-cite-chatgpt","How do I cite ChatGPT in APA 7?","How to cite ChatGPT and other AI tools in APA 7, MLA 9, and Chicago style, and whether a chat should be cited at all or described in the methods instead.",7,{"path":90,"heading":78,"description":73,"order":82},{"path":149,"heading":150,"description":151,"order":152},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fcan-you-trust-an-ai-summary","Can I trust AI summaries of research papers?","How reliable AI summaries of research papers are, what summarizers systematically get wrong, and how to check a summary in under two minutes.",9,{"path":154,"heading":155,"description":156,"order":157},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fusing-ai-in-a-phd-thesis","Can I use AI in a PhD thesis?","Whether AI can be used in a doctoral thesis, what university policies typically permit and require, and how to raise the question with your supervisor.",10,{"path":159,"heading":160,"description":161,"order":162},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fai-for-systematic-review-screening","Can I use AI for screening in a systematic review?","Whether AI can be used to screen studies in a systematic review, what reporting guidelines require you to declare, and how to validate an automated screening step.",11,{"path":164,"heading":165,"description":166,"order":167},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fwhy-ai-answers-better-on-your-own-pdfs","Why does an AI answer better when it reads my own PDFs?","Why an AI gives better answers when it works from documents you supplied, what retrieval is and why it reduces fabrication, and whether it removes errors entirely.",12,{"path":169,"heading":170,"description":171,"order":172},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fusing-ai-to-write-a-peer-review","Can I use AI to help write a peer review?","Whether AI can be used to help write a peer review, what uploading an unpublished manuscript to a chatbot risks, and what publishers and funders currently allow.",13,[174,177,180,183,186,189,192,195,198,201,204,205,206,207,208,209,210,211,212,213,214,215,216,217,219,222,225,227,230,233,236,239,242,245,248,251,254,257,260,263,266,269,272,275,278,281,284,287,290,293,296,299,302,305,308,311,314,317,320,323,326,329,332,335,338,341,344,347,350,353,356,359,362,365,368,371,374,377,380,383,386,389,392,395,398,401,404,407,410,413,416,419,422,425,428,431,434,437,440,443],{"path":175,"heading":176},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fdraft-without-stopping-for-citations","How do I draft when I keep stopping to look up citations?",{"path":178,"heading":179},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fhow-long-should-a-literature-review-chapter-be","How long should a literature review chapter be?",{"path":181,"heading":182},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fparaphrase-without-plagiarizing","How do I paraphrase a source without plagiarizing?",{"path":184,"heading":185},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fstructure-a-phd-thesis","How do I structure a PhD thesis chapter by chapter?",{"path":187,"heading":188},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fthesis-by-publication-or-monograph","Should I do a thesis by publication or a monograph?",{"path":190,"heading":191},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fwrite-a-discussion-section","How do I write a discussion section without repeating the results?",{"path":193,"heading":194},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fwrite-a-methodology-chapter","How do I write a methodology chapter?",{"path":196,"heading":197},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fwrite-a-thesis-introduction","How do I write a thesis introduction?",{"path":199,"heading":200},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fwrite-an-abstract","How do I write an abstract for a research paper?",{"path":202,"heading":203},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fwrite-consistently-during-a-phd","How do I write consistently during a PhD?",{"path":159,"heading":160},{"path":138,"heading":139},{"path":133,"heading":134},{"path":120,"heading":121},{"path":149,"heading":150},{"path":129,"heading":130},{"path":143,"heading":144},{"path":124,"heading":125},{"path":154,"heading":155},{"path":169,"heading":170},{"path":90,"heading":78},{"path":164,"heading":165},{"path":115,"heading":116},{"path":97,"heading":218},"How do I check that every claim in my thesis is supported by its citation?",{"path":220,"heading":221},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fcite-the-paper-you-read-or-the-original","Should I cite the paper I read or the original study it references?",{"path":223,"heading":224},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fcited-source-does-not-say-that","What do I do when a paper's cited source does not support its claim?",{"path":98,"heading":226},"Can I cite a paper I cannot get hold of?",{"path":228,"heading":229},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fciting-a-review-instead-of-the-original","Is citing a review instead of the original research bad practice?",{"path":231,"heading":232},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fdo-i-need-to-cite-everything","Do I need to cite absolutely everything in a thesis?",{"path":234,"heading":235},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fhow-much-self-citation","How much self-citation is acceptable?",{"path":237,"heading":238},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fjournal-page-number-or-pdf-page-number","Do I use the journal page number or the PDF page number in a citation?",{"path":240,"heading":241},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fquoting-a-source-in-another-language","How do I quote a source in another language in an English thesis?",{"path":243,"heading":244},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fwhere-does-the-citation-go","Where should a citation go when only one clause in a sentence needs support?",{"path":246,"heading":247},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fyou-described-a-result-too-broadly","How do I fix a sentence that describes a study's result too broadly?",{"path":249,"heading":250},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fzotero-or-mendeley","Should I use Zotero or Mendeley for a PhD?",{"path":252,"heading":253},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fbuild-a-synthesis-matrix","How do I build a synthesis matrix when my themes keep changing as I read?",{"path":255,"heading":256},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fkeep-a-literature-review-current","How do I keep a literature review current over a multi-year PhD?",{"path":258,"heading":259},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fliterature-review-synthesis-or-summary","How do I know if my literature review is synthesis or just a summary?",{"path":261,"heading":262},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fliterature-review-too-descriptive","What does it mean when a supervisor says a literature review is too descriptive?",{"path":264,"heading":265},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fnarrative-scoping-or-systematic-review","What is the difference between a narrative literature review and a systematic review?",{"path":267,"heading":268},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Forganize-literature-review-by-argument","How do I organize a literature review by argument instead of by paper?",{"path":270,"heading":271},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Freview-that-leads-to-your-question","How do I write a literature review that leads logically to my research question?",{"path":273,"heading":274},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fscreening-abstracts-for-a-review","How do I screen hundreds of abstracts for a systematic review?",{"path":276,"heading":277},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fstudies-with-opposite-conclusions","What do I write when two studies on the same question reach opposite conclusions?",{"path":279,"heading":280},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fsynthesis-matrix-into-paragraphs","How do I turn a synthesis matrix into literature review paragraphs?",{"path":282,"heading":283},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fsystematic-review-search-strategy","How do I build a search strategy for a systematic review?",{"path":285,"heading":286},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fwhen-to-stop-searching-for-papers","How do I know when to stop searching for papers for a literature review?",{"path":288,"heading":289},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fphd-life\u002Fdefend-your-methodology-in-a-viva","How do I defend my methodology in a viva?",{"path":291,"heading":292},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fphd-life\u002Fimposter-syndrome-in-a-phd","How do I deal with imposter syndrome during a PhD?",{"path":294,"heading":295},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fphd-life\u002Fplan-a-realistic-phd-timeline","How do I plan a realistic PhD timeline?",{"path":297,"heading":298},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fphd-life\u002Fpostdoc-or-industry","Should I do a postdoc or go to industry after my PhD?",{"path":300,"heading":301},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fphd-life\u002Fprepare-for-a-phd-viva","How do I prepare for a PhD viva?",{"path":303,"heading":304},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fphd-life\u002Fstop-procrastinating-on-your-phd","How do I stop procrastinating on my PhD?",{"path":306,"heading":307},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fphd-life\u002Fwhat-happens-if-a-viva-goes-badly","What happens if you fail a PhD viva?",{"path":309,"heading":310},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fphd-life\u002Fwhen-your-supervisor-is-not-supportive","What do I do when my PhD supervisor is not supportive?",{"path":312,"heading":313},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fphd-life\u002Fwrite-an-academic-cv","How do I write an academic CV for a postdoc application?",{"path":315,"heading":316},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Fchoose-a-journal","How do I choose a journal for my paper?",{"path":318,"heading":319},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Fdo-you-pay-to-publish-open-access","Do I have to pay to publish open access?",{"path":321,"heading":322},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Fhow-author-order-is-decided","How is author order decided on a paper?",{"path":324,"heading":325},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Fhow-peer-review-works","How does journal peer review actually work?",{"path":327,"heading":328},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Fhow-to-cite-a-preprint","How do I cite a preprint?",{"path":330,"heading":331},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Fjournal-submission-cover-letter","How do I write a cover letter for a journal submission?",{"path":333,"heading":334},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Frespond-to-reviewer-comments","How do I respond to peer reviewer comments?",{"path":336,"heading":337},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Fshould-you-post-a-preprint","Should I post my paper as a preprint?",{"path":339,"heading":340},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Fspot-a-predatory-journal","How do I tell if a journal is predatory?",{"path":342,"heading":343},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Fwhy-papers-get-desk-rejected","Why was my paper desk rejected?",{"path":345,"heading":346},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Ffind-the-paper-you-half-remember","How do I find a paper when I only remember the argument it made?",{"path":348,"heading":349},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Fhighlighting-pdfs-stops-working","Why can I never find my PDF highlights again?",{"path":351,"heading":352},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Fhow-many-papers-can-you-read-a-day","How many papers can a PhD student realistically read in a day?",{"path":354,"heading":355},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Fkeep-up-with-new-papers","How do I keep up with new papers without reading everything?",{"path":357,"heading":358},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Fnon-english-studies-in-a-review","How do I include non-English studies in a literature review?",{"path":360,"heading":361},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Fnote-system-takes-too-long","What do I do when my note-taking system takes longer than reading the papers?",{"path":363,"heading":364},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Forganize-100-papers","How do I organize and extract information from more than 100 papers?",{"path":366,"heading":367},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Freading-papers-in-a-second-language","How do I read research papers efficiently when English is my second language?",{"path":369,"heading":370},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Fremember-what-a-paper-said","How do I remember what was in papers I read months ago?",{"path":372,"heading":373},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Frestart-a-project-after-months-away","How do I get back into a research project after months away?",{"path":375,"heading":376},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Ftrack-connections-between-papers","How do I keep track of connections between papers?",{"path":378,"heading":379},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Ftriage-pdfs-before-reading","How do I triage 200 PDFs before deciding which ones to read in full?",{"path":381,"heading":382},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-data\u002Fanonymize-qualitative-data","How do I anonymize qualitative interview data?",{"path":384,"heading":385},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-data\u002Ffair-data-principles-in-practice","What are the FAIR data principles?",{"path":387,"heading":388},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-data\u002Forganize-research-data-files","How do I organize research data files?",{"path":390,"heading":391},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-data\u002Fwhat-preregistration-is","What is preregistration in research?",{"path":393,"heading":394},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-data\u002Fwrite-a-data-management-plan","How do I write a data management plan?",{"path":396,"heading":397},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-gaps\u002Fchoose-a-theoretical-framework","How do I choose a theoretical framework for my thesis?",{"path":399,"heading":400},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-gaps\u002Ffind-a-research-gap","How do I identify a research gap in the literature?",{"path":402,"heading":403},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-gaps\u002Fis-my-research-gap-original","How do I know if my research gap is original?",{"path":405,"heading":406},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-gaps\u002Fnarrow-a-broad-research-question","How do I narrow down a research question that is too broad?",{"path":408,"heading":409},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-gaps\u002Fresearch-question-changed-mid-phd","Can a research question change during a PhD?",{"path":411,"heading":412},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-gaps\u002Fresearch-question-or-hypothesis","What is the difference between a research question and a hypothesis?",{"path":414,"heading":415},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-gaps\u002Fturn-a-topic-into-a-research-question","How do I turn a research topic into a research question?",{"path":417,"heading":418},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-gaps\u002Fwhat-makes-a-good-research-question","What makes a good research question in a PhD thesis?",{"path":420,"heading":421},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-gaps\u002Fwrite-a-research-gap-statement","How do I write a research gap statement?",{"path":423,"heading":424},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-methods\u002Fchoose-a-statistical-test","How do I choose which statistical test to use?",{"path":426,"heading":427},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-methods\u002Fhow-many-interviews-is-enough","How many interviews are enough for a qualitative study?",{"path":429,"heading":430},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-methods\u002Fhow-to-do-thematic-analysis","How do I do thematic analysis step by step?",{"path":432,"heading":433},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-methods\u002Finductive-or-deductive-coding","What is the difference between inductive and deductive thematic analysis?",{"path":435,"heading":436},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-methods\u002Fintegrate-mixed-methods-data","How do I integrate qualitative and quantitative data in a mixed methods study?",{"path":438,"heading":439},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-methods\u002Frigour-in-qualitative-research","How do I show rigour in qualitative research?",{"path":441,"heading":442},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-methods\u002Fwhat-a-p-value-means","What does a p value actually mean?",{"path":444,"heading":445},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-methods\u002Fwork-out-your-sample-size","How do I calculate the sample size for a study?",1786014768688]