[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":443},["ShallowReactive",2],{"answers-\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fcan-an-ai-be-an-author":3,"answers-cluster-ai-in-research":109,"answers-related-\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fcan-an-ai-be-an-author":169},{"id":4,"title":5,"answer":6,"body":7,"cluster":66,"description":67,"extension":68,"faq":69,"heading":72,"intro":60,"kind":73,"meta":74,"navigation":75,"order":76,"outbound":77,"path":84,"primaryQuery":85,"product":86,"related":87,"seo":89,"sources":90,"stem":107,"updated":94,"__hash__":108},"answers\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fcan-an-ai-be-an-author.md","Can an AI Be Listed as an Author?","No. Every major publisher and both leading ethics bodies prohibit it, for the same reason: authorship requires accountability, and a tool cannot approve a manuscript, declare conflicts of interest, respond to criticism, or enter a copyright agreement. This is one of the few settled points in the whole area.",{"type":8,"value":9,"toc":59},"minimark",[10,14,17,20,23,28,31,34,37,40,43,47,50,53,56],[11,12,13],"p",{},"For a few weeks in early 2023 this was an open question. Several preprints and at least one published paper listed a chatbot as an author, and the ensuing debate produced an unusually fast consensus. By that spring the position was fixed and it has not moved since.",[11,15,16],{},"The reasoning is worth understanding rather than just the conclusion, because it tells you how the rest of the rules are shaped. Authorship in scholarly publishing is not primarily a credit mechanism, it is an accountability mechanism. An author is someone who can be asked to justify the work, who can be held responsible if it is wrong, who can declare competing interests, and who can sign a licence. A tool can do none of these, so the label does not apply regardless of how much it contributed.",[11,18,19],{},"That reasoning also explains why disclosure requirements exist. If a tool cannot be an author, but it did affect the work, the reader still needs to know, and the disclosure statement is where that information goes.",[11,21,22],{},"One consequence people miss: you also should not cite AI output as though the tool were the author of a source. If a model tells you something, the thing to cite is the source it came from, once you have found and read it.",[24,25,27],"h2",{"id":26},"what-do-cope-and-icmje-say-about-it","What do COPE and ICMJE say about it?",[11,29,30],{},"COPE stated in February 2023 that AI tools cannot be authors because they cannot take responsibility for the work or manage conflicts and copyright. ICMJE says the same and adds that authors must not cite AI as an author of any source. Its recommendations were updated in January 2026.",[11,32,33],{},"ICMJE also asks journals to enquire at submission whether AI-assisted technologies were used, and asks authors to describe the use in both the cover letter and the manuscript. That is a stronger position than a disclosure-on-request rule and it is spreading beyond medical journals.",[11,35,36],{},"Both bodies place the responsibility for verifying AI output squarely on the human authors, including accuracy, originality, attribution, and the absence of plagiarism.",[11,38,39],{},"A comparative review of editorial policies traces the ICMJE position to three specific incapacities: a generative AI tool cannot make creative decisions, cannot assume accountability, and cannot disclose conflicts of interest (Yoo, 2025, p. 3). The same review reports that Nature permits authors to use AI tools but prohibits naming one as a co-author, and asks that the tool's role and scope be described, particularly in the Methods section (Yoo, 2025, p. 4). Journals differ in their detailed rules, so read the one you are submitting to, but they converge on human accountability and transparent disclosure.",[11,41,42],{},"Where the guidance is still thin is reporting, not authorship. Mehta and colleagues confirm that ICMJE, COPE, the World Association of Medical Editors, and the European Commission all bar AI from authorship and require disclosure, then find no cross-journal consensus on which uses are acceptable and no standardized way to report AI use granularly by stage of manuscript preparation (Mehta et al., 2026, p. 1). Their proposed checklist splits AI use into conceptual contributions, linguistic assistance, and research assistance, and marks which uses in each category raise research-integrity concerns. Until journals adopt something like it, you are writing your disclosure without a template.",[24,44,46],{"id":45},"how-do-i-credit-ai-assistance-instead","How do I credit AI assistance instead?",[11,48,49],{},"In the acknowledgments or methods, depending on what the tool did and what the journal specifies. Name the tool and version, state what it was used for and which parts of the work it affected, and confirm that the human authors reviewed and accept responsibility for the output.",[11,51,52],{},"Content generation and language assistance usually go in acknowledgments. Anything touching data collection, analysis, code, or figure generation belongs in methods, because it is part of how the result was produced and a reader needs it to evaluate the work.",[11,54,55],{},"Keep the statement factual and specific. \"Generative AI was used in the preparation of this manuscript\" tells a reader nothing. \"A language model was used to draft the initial version of the discussion section, which the authors then rewrote and verified against the cited sources\" tells them exactly what to weigh.",[11,57,58],{},"Treat this as one case of a wider habit. A systematic review of 123 articles reporting 118 studies on authorship found that conception or research design and manuscript writing were the contributions most disciplines counted as qualifying (Marušić et al., 2011, p. 1). A meta-analysis of 14 surveys inside it found that 29% of researchers reported authorship misuse by themselves or someone else, and the estimate rose to 55% outside US, UK, and international-journal settings, against 23% within them (Marušić et al., 2011, pp. 13-14). The same review warns that written criteria alone do not fix this, because researchers were often unfamiliar with the ICMJE criteria or considered them unrealistic or unfair (Marušić et al., 2011, p. 14). The AI rule is settled, the underlying practice of assigning credit honestly is not.",{"title":60,"searchDepth":61,"depth":61,"links":62},"",4,[63,65],{"id":26,"depth":64,"text":27},2,{"id":45,"depth":64,"text":46},"ai-in-research","Whether an AI tool can be named as an author on a research paper, what COPE and ICMJE say about it, and how to credit AI assistance properly instead.","md",[70,71],{"q":27,"a":30},{"q":46,"a":49},"Can an AI tool be listed as an author on a paper?","answer",{},true,5,[78,81],{"label":79,"to":80},"AI verification of claims and citations","\u002Fdocs\u002Fcore-concepts\u002Fai-verification",{"label":82,"to":83},"What separates AI research tools","\u002Fblog\u002Fwhat-separates-ai-research-tools","\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fcan-an-ai-be-an-author","can chatgpt be listed as an author on a paper",null,[88],"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Fhow-author-order-is-decided",{"title":5,"description":67},[91,95,98,101,104],{"label":92,"url":93,"checked":94},"COPE position statement on authorship and AI tools (2023)","https:\u002F\u002Fpublicationethics.org\u002Fguidance\u002Fcope-position\u002Fauthorship-and-ai-tools","2026-08-06",{"label":96,"url":97,"checked":94},"ICMJE, use of AI by authors and reviewers","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.icmje.org\u002Frecommendations\u002Fbrowse\u002Fartificial-intelligence\u002Fai-use-by-authors.html",{"label":99,"url":100,"checked":94},"Marušić et al., A systematic review of research on the meaning, ethics and practices of authorship across scholarly disciplines, PLoS One (2011)","https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1371\u002Fjournal.pone.0023477",{"label":102,"url":103,"checked":94},"Yoo, Defining the Boundaries of AI Use in Scientific Writing: A Comparative Review of Editorial Policies, Journal of Korean Medical Science (2025)","https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.3346\u002Fjkms.2025.40.e187",{"label":105,"url":106,"checked":94},"Mehta et al., A call for clarity: a unified checklist for reporting use of large language models in writing scientific manuscripts, Research Integrity and Peer Review (2026)","https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1186\u002Fs41073-026-00212-3","answers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fcan-an-ai-be-an-author","1eVhLrwAoXNE16BfoI3siDkWNfeSgh6CkTreqcES7Zw",[110,115,119,124,128,129,134,139,144,149,154,159,164],{"path":111,"heading":112,"description":113,"order":114},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fwhy-chatgpt-invents-references","Why does ChatGPT make up references?","Why language models produce citations to papers that do not exist, what published studies measured about how often it happens, and how to check a reference fast.",1,{"path":116,"heading":117,"description":118,"order":64},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fcan-i-use-ai-for-a-literature-review","Can I use AI for a literature review?","Whether AI can be used for a literature review, which parts of the process it genuinely helps with, and which parts have to stay human to survive examination.",{"path":120,"heading":121,"description":122,"order":123},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fis-using-chatgpt-plagiarism","Is using ChatGPT for academic writing plagiarism?","Whether using ChatGPT in academic writing counts as plagiarism, where the line between editing and generating falls, and what university policies typically say.",3,{"path":125,"heading":126,"description":127,"order":61},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fdisclose-ai-use-in-a-paper","Do I need to disclose AI use in a research paper?","When AI use must be disclosed in a research paper, what the major publishers require and where the statement goes, and which uses are exempt from declaration.",{"path":84,"heading":72,"description":67,"order":76},{"path":130,"heading":131,"description":132,"order":133},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fare-ai-detectors-reliable","Are AI detectors reliable?","What published studies found about AI text detector accuracy, why detectors flag non-native English writers more often, and what to do if your writing is flagged.",6,{"path":135,"heading":136,"description":137,"order":138},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fhow-to-cite-chatgpt","How do I cite ChatGPT in APA 7?","How to cite ChatGPT and other AI tools in APA 7, MLA 9, and Chicago style, and whether a chat should be cited at all or described in the methods instead.",7,{"path":140,"heading":141,"description":142,"order":143},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fverify-ai-generated-citations","How do I check whether AI-generated citations are real?","How to verify AI-generated citations in a few minutes, what a fabricated reference usually looks like, and how to confirm the source says what was claimed.",8,{"path":145,"heading":146,"description":147,"order":148},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fcan-you-trust-an-ai-summary","Can I trust AI summaries of research papers?","How reliable AI summaries of research papers are, what summarizers systematically get wrong, and how to check a summary in under two minutes.",9,{"path":150,"heading":151,"description":152,"order":153},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fusing-ai-in-a-phd-thesis","Can I use AI in a PhD thesis?","Whether AI can be used in a doctoral thesis, what university policies typically permit and require, and how to raise the question with your supervisor.",10,{"path":155,"heading":156,"description":157,"order":158},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fai-for-systematic-review-screening","Can I use AI for screening in a systematic review?","Whether AI can be used to screen studies in a systematic review, what reporting guidelines require you to declare, and how to validate an automated screening step.",11,{"path":160,"heading":161,"description":162,"order":163},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fwhy-ai-answers-better-on-your-own-pdfs","Why does an AI answer better when it reads my own PDFs?","Why an AI gives better answers when it works from documents you supplied, what retrieval is and why it reduces fabrication, and whether it removes errors entirely.",12,{"path":165,"heading":166,"description":167,"order":168},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fusing-ai-to-write-a-peer-review","Can I use AI to help write a peer review?","Whether AI can be used to help write a peer review, what uploading an unpublished manuscript to a chatbot risks, and what publishers and funders currently allow.",13,[170,173,176,179,182,185,188,191,194,197,200,201,202,203,204,205,206,207,208,209,210,211,212,213,216,219,222,225,228,231,234,237,240,243,246,249,252,255,258,261,264,267,270,273,276,279,282,285,288,291,294,297,300,303,306,309,312,315,318,320,323,326,329,332,335,338,341,344,347,350,353,356,359,362,365,368,371,374,377,380,383,386,389,392,395,398,401,404,407,410,413,416,419,422,425,428,431,434,437,440],{"path":171,"heading":172},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fdraft-without-stopping-for-citations","How do I draft when I keep stopping to look up citations?",{"path":174,"heading":175},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fhow-long-should-a-literature-review-chapter-be","How long should a literature review chapter be?",{"path":177,"heading":178},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fparaphrase-without-plagiarizing","How do I paraphrase a source without plagiarizing?",{"path":180,"heading":181},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fstructure-a-phd-thesis","How do I structure a PhD thesis chapter by chapter?",{"path":183,"heading":184},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fthesis-by-publication-or-monograph","Should I do a thesis by publication or a monograph?",{"path":186,"heading":187},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fwrite-a-discussion-section","How do I write a discussion section without repeating the results?",{"path":189,"heading":190},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fwrite-a-methodology-chapter","How do I write a methodology chapter?",{"path":192,"heading":193},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fwrite-a-thesis-introduction","How do I write a thesis introduction?",{"path":195,"heading":196},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fwrite-an-abstract","How do I write an abstract for a research paper?",{"path":198,"heading":199},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fwrite-consistently-during-a-phd","How do I write consistently during a PhD?",{"path":155,"heading":156},{"path":130,"heading":131},{"path":84,"heading":72},{"path":116,"heading":117},{"path":145,"heading":146},{"path":125,"heading":126},{"path":135,"heading":136},{"path":120,"heading":121},{"path":150,"heading":151},{"path":165,"heading":166},{"path":140,"heading":141},{"path":160,"heading":161},{"path":111,"heading":112},{"path":214,"heading":215},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fcheck-every-claim-against-its-citation","How do I check that every claim in my thesis is supported by its citation?",{"path":217,"heading":218},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fcite-the-paper-you-read-or-the-original","Should I cite the paper I read or the original study it references?",{"path":220,"heading":221},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fcited-source-does-not-say-that","What do I do when a paper's cited source does not support its claim?",{"path":223,"heading":224},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fciting-a-paper-you-cannot-access","Can I cite a paper I cannot get hold of?",{"path":226,"heading":227},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fciting-a-review-instead-of-the-original","Is citing a review instead of the original research bad practice?",{"path":229,"heading":230},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fdo-i-need-to-cite-everything","Do I need to cite absolutely everything in a thesis?",{"path":232,"heading":233},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fhow-much-self-citation","How much self-citation is acceptable?",{"path":235,"heading":236},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fjournal-page-number-or-pdf-page-number","Do I use the journal page number or the PDF page number in a citation?",{"path":238,"heading":239},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fquoting-a-source-in-another-language","How do I quote a source in another language in an English thesis?",{"path":241,"heading":242},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fwhere-does-the-citation-go","Where should a citation go when only one clause in a sentence needs support?",{"path":244,"heading":245},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fyou-described-a-result-too-broadly","How do I fix a sentence that describes a study's result too broadly?",{"path":247,"heading":248},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fzotero-or-mendeley","Should I use Zotero or Mendeley for a PhD?",{"path":250,"heading":251},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fbuild-a-synthesis-matrix","How do I build a synthesis matrix when my themes keep changing as I read?",{"path":253,"heading":254},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fkeep-a-literature-review-current","How do I keep a literature review current over a multi-year PhD?",{"path":256,"heading":257},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fliterature-review-synthesis-or-summary","How do I know if my literature review is synthesis or just a summary?",{"path":259,"heading":260},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fliterature-review-too-descriptive","What does it mean when a supervisor says a literature review is too descriptive?",{"path":262,"heading":263},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fnarrative-scoping-or-systematic-review","What is the difference between a narrative literature review and a systematic review?",{"path":265,"heading":266},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Forganize-literature-review-by-argument","How do I organize a literature review by argument instead of by paper?",{"path":268,"heading":269},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Freview-that-leads-to-your-question","How do I write a literature review that leads logically to my research question?",{"path":271,"heading":272},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fscreening-abstracts-for-a-review","How do I screen hundreds of abstracts for a systematic review?",{"path":274,"heading":275},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fstudies-with-opposite-conclusions","What do I write when two studies on the same question reach opposite conclusions?",{"path":277,"heading":278},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fsynthesis-matrix-into-paragraphs","How do I turn a synthesis matrix into literature review paragraphs?",{"path":280,"heading":281},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fsystematic-review-search-strategy","How do I build a search strategy for a systematic review?",{"path":283,"heading":284},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fwhen-to-stop-searching-for-papers","How do I know when to stop searching for papers for a literature review?",{"path":286,"heading":287},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fphd-life\u002Fdefend-your-methodology-in-a-viva","How do I defend my methodology in a viva?",{"path":289,"heading":290},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fphd-life\u002Fimposter-syndrome-in-a-phd","How do I deal with imposter syndrome during a PhD?",{"path":292,"heading":293},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fphd-life\u002Fplan-a-realistic-phd-timeline","How do I plan a realistic PhD timeline?",{"path":295,"heading":296},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fphd-life\u002Fpostdoc-or-industry","Should I do a postdoc or go to industry after my PhD?",{"path":298,"heading":299},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fphd-life\u002Fprepare-for-a-phd-viva","How do I prepare for a PhD viva?",{"path":301,"heading":302},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fphd-life\u002Fstop-procrastinating-on-your-phd","How do I stop procrastinating on my PhD?",{"path":304,"heading":305},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fphd-life\u002Fwhat-happens-if-a-viva-goes-badly","What happens if you fail a PhD viva?",{"path":307,"heading":308},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fphd-life\u002Fwhen-your-supervisor-is-not-supportive","What do I do when my PhD supervisor is not supportive?",{"path":310,"heading":311},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fphd-life\u002Fwrite-an-academic-cv","How do I write an academic CV for a postdoc application?",{"path":313,"heading":314},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Fchoose-a-journal","How do I choose a journal for my paper?",{"path":316,"heading":317},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Fdo-you-pay-to-publish-open-access","Do I have to pay to publish open access?",{"path":88,"heading":319},"How is author order decided on a paper?",{"path":321,"heading":322},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Fhow-peer-review-works","How does journal peer review actually work?",{"path":324,"heading":325},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Fhow-to-cite-a-preprint","How do I cite a preprint?",{"path":327,"heading":328},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Fjournal-submission-cover-letter","How do I write a cover letter for a journal submission?",{"path":330,"heading":331},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Frespond-to-reviewer-comments","How do I respond to peer reviewer comments?",{"path":333,"heading":334},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Fshould-you-post-a-preprint","Should I post my paper as a preprint?",{"path":336,"heading":337},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Fspot-a-predatory-journal","How do I tell if a journal is predatory?",{"path":339,"heading":340},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Fwhy-papers-get-desk-rejected","Why was my paper desk rejected?",{"path":342,"heading":343},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Ffind-the-paper-you-half-remember","How do I find a paper when I only remember the argument it made?",{"path":345,"heading":346},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Fhighlighting-pdfs-stops-working","Why can I never find my PDF highlights again?",{"path":348,"heading":349},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Fhow-many-papers-can-you-read-a-day","How many papers can a PhD student realistically read in a day?",{"path":351,"heading":352},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Fkeep-up-with-new-papers","How do I keep up with new papers without reading everything?",{"path":354,"heading":355},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Fnon-english-studies-in-a-review","How do I include non-English studies in a literature review?",{"path":357,"heading":358},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Fnote-system-takes-too-long","What do I do when my note-taking system takes longer than reading the papers?",{"path":360,"heading":361},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Forganize-100-papers","How do I organize and extract information from more than 100 papers?",{"path":363,"heading":364},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Freading-papers-in-a-second-language","How do I read research papers efficiently when English is my second language?",{"path":366,"heading":367},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Fremember-what-a-paper-said","How do I remember what was in papers I read months ago?",{"path":369,"heading":370},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Frestart-a-project-after-months-away","How do I get back into a research project after months away?",{"path":372,"heading":373},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Ftrack-connections-between-papers","How do I keep track of connections between papers?",{"path":375,"heading":376},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Ftriage-pdfs-before-reading","How do I triage 200 PDFs before deciding which ones to read in full?",{"path":378,"heading":379},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-data\u002Fanonymize-qualitative-data","How do I anonymize qualitative interview data?",{"path":381,"heading":382},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-data\u002Ffair-data-principles-in-practice","What are the FAIR data principles?",{"path":384,"heading":385},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-data\u002Forganize-research-data-files","How do I organize research data files?",{"path":387,"heading":388},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-data\u002Fwhat-preregistration-is","What is preregistration in research?",{"path":390,"heading":391},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-data\u002Fwrite-a-data-management-plan","How do I write a data management plan?",{"path":393,"heading":394},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-gaps\u002Fchoose-a-theoretical-framework","How do I choose a theoretical framework for my thesis?",{"path":396,"heading":397},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-gaps\u002Ffind-a-research-gap","How do I identify a research gap in the literature?",{"path":399,"heading":400},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-gaps\u002Fis-my-research-gap-original","How do I know if my research gap is original?",{"path":402,"heading":403},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-gaps\u002Fnarrow-a-broad-research-question","How do I narrow down a research question that is too broad?",{"path":405,"heading":406},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-gaps\u002Fresearch-question-changed-mid-phd","Can a research question change during a PhD?",{"path":408,"heading":409},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-gaps\u002Fresearch-question-or-hypothesis","What is the difference between a research question and a hypothesis?",{"path":411,"heading":412},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-gaps\u002Fturn-a-topic-into-a-research-question","How do I turn a research topic into a research question?",{"path":414,"heading":415},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-gaps\u002Fwhat-makes-a-good-research-question","What makes a good research question in a PhD thesis?",{"path":417,"heading":418},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-gaps\u002Fwrite-a-research-gap-statement","How do I write a research gap statement?",{"path":420,"heading":421},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-methods\u002Fchoose-a-statistical-test","How do I choose which statistical test to use?",{"path":423,"heading":424},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-methods\u002Fhow-many-interviews-is-enough","How many interviews are enough for a qualitative study?",{"path":426,"heading":427},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-methods\u002Fhow-to-do-thematic-analysis","How do I do thematic analysis step by step?",{"path":429,"heading":430},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-methods\u002Finductive-or-deductive-coding","What is the difference between inductive and deductive thematic analysis?",{"path":432,"heading":433},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-methods\u002Fintegrate-mixed-methods-data","How do I integrate qualitative and quantitative data in a mixed methods study?",{"path":435,"heading":436},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-methods\u002Frigour-in-qualitative-research","How do I show rigour in qualitative research?",{"path":438,"heading":439},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-methods\u002Fwhat-a-p-value-means","What does a p value actually mean?",{"path":441,"heading":442},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-methods\u002Fwork-out-your-sample-size","How do I calculate the sample size for a study?",1786014768494]