[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":449},["ShallowReactive",2],{"answers-\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fare-ai-detectors-reliable":3,"answers-cluster-ai-in-research":115,"answers-related-\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fare-ai-detectors-reliable":175},{"id":4,"title":5,"answer":6,"body":7,"cluster":69,"description":70,"extension":71,"faq":72,"heading":75,"intro":63,"kind":76,"meta":77,"navigation":78,"order":79,"outbound":80,"path":87,"primaryQuery":88,"product":89,"related":90,"seo":92,"sources":93,"stem":113,"updated":97,"__hash__":114},"answers\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fare-ai-detectors-reliable.md","Are AI Detectors Reliable? What the Evidence Says","Not reliable enough to be treated as evidence. A 2023 study of fourteen tools found none reached 80 percent overall accuracy, and accuracy collapsed on text that had been edited or paraphrased. A detector score is an investigative signal, not proof that anything was generated.",{"type":8,"value":9,"toc":62},"minimark",[10,14,17,20,23,26,29,34,37,40,43,46,50,53,56,59],[11,12,13],"p",{},"The published evidence is consistent and unflattering. Weber-Wulff and colleagues tested fourteen detection tools, including widely used commercial ones, against human text, raw generated text, human-edited generated text, and machine-paraphrased text. No tool reached 80 percent overall accuracy and only five exceeded 70 percent. Performance on human text was good, around 96 percent, and it fell to roughly 42 percent on edited AI text and 26 percent on paraphrased AI text.",[11,15,16],{},"That pattern is the important finding. Detectors are best at catching text nobody bothered to edit, which is the least likely case in academic work, and worst at catching text that was revised, which is the most likely. Separate research on paraphrasing attacks reported detection of watermarked text falling from over 99 percent to about 4 percent at a fixed false-positive rate.",[11,18,19],{},"Detectors do perform well under narrow, controlled conditions, which is why the vendor numbers are not invented. Gao and colleagues generated 50 abstracts from the titles of real papers in five high-impact medical journals, and the GPT-2 Output Detector gave those generated abstracts a median fake score of 99.98 percent against 0.02 percent for the originals, with an AUROC of 0.94 (Gao et al., 2023, p. 1). That is one prompt style, one genre, and unedited output, none of which describes a thesis chapter you wrote and revised over three months.",[11,21,22],{},"The same study measured people against the tool on the same texts. Four blinded reviewers correctly identified 68 percent of the generated abstracts and 86 percent of the real ones, so they missed about a third of the generated abstracts and wrongly labeled 14 percent of the authentic ones as generated (Gao et al., 2023, p. 2). Detector scores did not differ significantly between generated abstracts the reviewers caught and generated abstracts they judged authentic, at p = 0.45, which means the tool and the reader were responding to different cues rather than confirming each other (Gao et al., 2023, p. 3).",[11,24,25],{},"Vendors report better numbers on their own test sets, and those numbers are not fabricated, they are measured under a chosen corpus and threshold. What they do not establish is the false-positive rate for a particular student, in a particular discipline, writing a particular kind of text.",[11,27,28],{},"The conclusion most institutions have reached is that a score can start a conversation and cannot end one. Authorship questions are settled by drafts, notes, version history, and the ability to explain your own work.",[30,31,33],"h2",{"id":32},"why-do-detectors-flag-non-native-english-speakers-more-often","Why do detectors flag non-native English speakers more often?",[11,35,36],{},"Because they key on low linguistic variability, which is also a feature of second-language writing. In a 2023 study in Patterns, seven detectors misclassified 61 percent of human-written TOEFL essays as AI-generated on average, while classifying native-speaker essays almost perfectly.",[11,38,39],{},"In the same study, all seven detectors unanimously misclassified about 20 percent of those essays, and at least one detector flagged nearly 98 percent of them. That is a disparate impact large enough to make detector use on multilingual cohorts a fairness problem rather than a technical one.",[11,41,42],{},"The mechanism is not mysterious. Simpler vocabulary and more predictable sentence structure look statistically like generated text, and second-language academic writing frequently has both.",[11,44,45],{},"Liang and colleagues tested that mechanism directly rather than assuming it. Rewriting the TOEFL essays with richer vocabulary, so they read more like a native speaker, reduced misclassification, and simplifying the vocabulary of the US student essays increased it, across all seven detectors (Liang et al., 2023, p. 2). The detectors were tracking linguistic proficiency, not authorship. The same authors point out that a vendor claim of 99 percent accuracy cannot be checked by anyone outside the company, because the test datasets, model details, and training data are not published (Liang et al., 2023, p. 2).",[30,47,49],{"id":48},"what-do-i-do-if-my-own-writing-gets-flagged","What do I do if my own writing gets flagged?",[11,51,52],{},"Produce the evidence that a detector cannot: drafts with version history, notes, search logs, an outline, and your ability to explain the argument in conversation. Ask what the score is being used for, since most institutions state that a detector result alone is not sufficient grounds for a finding.",[11,54,55],{},"Version history is the strongest single artifact. A document with hundreds of incremental revisions over weeks is very difficult to fabricate and very easy to show, which is a good reason to draft in something that keeps history rather than in a single overwritten file.",[11,57,58],{},"Ask, politely, for the false-positive rate the institution is assuming and the evidence for it. That question is legitimate, it is answerable, and in most cases the answer will make clear that the score cannot carry the weight being placed on it.",[11,60,61],{},"You also have a published recommendation to cite. Liang and colleagues advise against using GPT detectors in educational or evaluative decisions at all, especially where non-native English writers are involved, and say that any deployment should first be tested on samples from the actual domain and reviewed with domain experts and the people affected (Liang et al., 2023, p. 3). They suggest formative uses instead, such as flagging clichés or repetitive phrasing for revision. That is a reasonable thing to put in writing to whoever is making the decision about your work.",{"title":63,"searchDepth":64,"depth":64,"links":65},"",4,[66,68],{"id":32,"depth":67,"text":33},2,{"id":48,"depth":67,"text":49},"ai-in-research","What published studies found about AI text detector accuracy, why detectors flag non-native English writers more often, and what to do if your writing is flagged.","md",[73,74],{"q":33,"a":36},{"q":49,"a":52},"Are AI detectors reliable?","answer",{},true,6,[81,84],{"label":82,"to":83},"AI verification of claims and citations","\u002Fdocs\u002Fcore-concepts\u002Fai-verification",{"label":85,"to":86},"Why AI should help researchers think longer","\u002Fblog\u002Fai-should-help-researchers-think-longer","\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fare-ai-detectors-reliable","are ai detectors reliable for academic writing",null,[91],"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Freading-papers-in-a-second-language",{"title":5,"description":70},[94,98,101,104,107,110],{"label":95,"url":96,"checked":97},"Weber-Wulff et al., Testing of detection tools for AI-generated text, International Journal for Educational Integrity (2023)","https:\u002F\u002Flink.springer.com\u002Farticle\u002F10.1007\u002Fs40979-023-00146-z","2026-08-06",{"label":99,"url":100,"checked":97},"Stanford HAI on Liang et al., GPT detectors are biased against non-native English writers, Patterns (2023)","https:\u002F\u002Fhai.stanford.edu\u002Fnews\u002Fai-detectors-biased-against-non-native-english-writers",{"label":102,"url":103,"checked":97},"Sadasivan et al., Can AI-generated text be reliably detected?, arXiv (2023)","https:\u002F\u002Farxiv.org\u002Fabs\u002F2303.11156",{"label":105,"url":106,"checked":97},"Otterbacher, Why technical solutions for detecting AI-generated content in research and education are insufficient, Patterns (2023)","https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1016\u002Fj.patter.2023.100796",{"label":108,"url":109,"checked":97},"Liang et al., GPT detectors are biased against non-native English writers, Patterns (2023)","https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1016\u002Fj.patter.2023.100779",{"label":111,"url":112,"checked":97},"Gao et al., Comparing scientific abstracts generated by ChatGPT to real abstracts with detectors and blinded human reviewers, npj Digital Medicine (2023)","https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1038\u002Fs41746-023-00819-6","answers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fare-ai-detectors-reliable","Qv5UVMVOvEW8piv1PydfswIU-sKnemPI_IRfiIstAd0",[116,121,125,130,134,139,140,145,150,155,160,165,170],{"path":117,"heading":118,"description":119,"order":120},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fwhy-chatgpt-invents-references","Why does ChatGPT make up references?","Why language models produce citations to papers that do not exist, what published studies measured about how often it happens, and how to check a reference fast.",1,{"path":122,"heading":123,"description":124,"order":67},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fcan-i-use-ai-for-a-literature-review","Can I use AI for a literature review?","Whether AI can be used for a literature review, which parts of the process it genuinely helps with, and which parts have to stay human to survive examination.",{"path":126,"heading":127,"description":128,"order":129},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fis-using-chatgpt-plagiarism","Is using ChatGPT for academic writing plagiarism?","Whether using ChatGPT in academic writing counts as plagiarism, where the line between editing and generating falls, and what university policies typically say.",3,{"path":131,"heading":132,"description":133,"order":64},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fdisclose-ai-use-in-a-paper","Do I need to disclose AI use in a research paper?","When AI use must be disclosed in a research paper, what the major publishers require and where the statement goes, and which uses are exempt from declaration.",{"path":135,"heading":136,"description":137,"order":138},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fcan-an-ai-be-an-author","Can an AI tool be listed as an author on a paper?","Whether an AI tool can be named as an author on a research paper, what COPE and ICMJE say about it, and how to credit AI assistance properly instead.",5,{"path":87,"heading":75,"description":70,"order":79},{"path":141,"heading":142,"description":143,"order":144},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fhow-to-cite-chatgpt","How do I cite ChatGPT in APA 7?","How to cite ChatGPT and other AI tools in APA 7, MLA 9, and Chicago style, and whether a chat should be cited at all or described in the methods instead.",7,{"path":146,"heading":147,"description":148,"order":149},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fverify-ai-generated-citations","How do I check whether AI-generated citations are real?","How to verify AI-generated citations in a few minutes, what a fabricated reference usually looks like, and how to confirm the source says what was claimed.",8,{"path":151,"heading":152,"description":153,"order":154},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fcan-you-trust-an-ai-summary","Can I trust AI summaries of research papers?","How reliable AI summaries of research papers are, what summarizers systematically get wrong, and how to check a summary in under two minutes.",9,{"path":156,"heading":157,"description":158,"order":159},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fusing-ai-in-a-phd-thesis","Can I use AI in a PhD thesis?","Whether AI can be used in a doctoral thesis, what university policies typically permit and require, and how to raise the question with your supervisor.",10,{"path":161,"heading":162,"description":163,"order":164},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fai-for-systematic-review-screening","Can I use AI for screening in a systematic review?","Whether AI can be used to screen studies in a systematic review, what reporting guidelines require you to declare, and how to validate an automated screening step.",11,{"path":166,"heading":167,"description":168,"order":169},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fwhy-ai-answers-better-on-your-own-pdfs","Why does an AI answer better when it reads my own PDFs?","Why an AI gives better answers when it works from documents you supplied, what retrieval is and why it reduces fabrication, and whether it removes errors entirely.",12,{"path":171,"heading":172,"description":173,"order":174},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fusing-ai-to-write-a-peer-review","Can I use AI to help write a peer review?","Whether AI can be used to help write a peer review, what uploading an unpublished manuscript to a chatbot risks, and what publishers and funders currently allow.",13,[176,179,182,185,188,191,194,197,200,203,206,207,208,209,210,211,212,213,214,215,216,217,218,219,222,225,228,231,234,237,240,243,246,249,252,255,258,261,264,267,270,273,276,279,282,285,288,291,294,297,300,303,306,309,312,315,318,321,324,327,330,333,336,339,342,345,348,351,354,357,360,363,366,369,371,374,377,380,383,386,389,392,395,398,401,404,407,410,413,416,419,422,425,428,431,434,437,440,443,446],{"path":177,"heading":178},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fdraft-without-stopping-for-citations","How do I draft when I keep stopping to look up citations?",{"path":180,"heading":181},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fhow-long-should-a-literature-review-chapter-be","How long should a literature review chapter be?",{"path":183,"heading":184},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fparaphrase-without-plagiarizing","How do I paraphrase a source without plagiarizing?",{"path":186,"heading":187},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fstructure-a-phd-thesis","How do I structure a PhD thesis chapter by chapter?",{"path":189,"heading":190},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fthesis-by-publication-or-monograph","Should I do a thesis by publication or a monograph?",{"path":192,"heading":193},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fwrite-a-discussion-section","How do I write a discussion section without repeating the results?",{"path":195,"heading":196},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fwrite-a-methodology-chapter","How do I write a methodology chapter?",{"path":198,"heading":199},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fwrite-a-thesis-introduction","How do I write a thesis introduction?",{"path":201,"heading":202},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fwrite-an-abstract","How do I write an abstract for a research paper?",{"path":204,"heading":205},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fwrite-consistently-during-a-phd","How do I write consistently during a PhD?",{"path":161,"heading":162},{"path":87,"heading":75},{"path":135,"heading":136},{"path":122,"heading":123},{"path":151,"heading":152},{"path":131,"heading":132},{"path":141,"heading":142},{"path":126,"heading":127},{"path":156,"heading":157},{"path":171,"heading":172},{"path":146,"heading":147},{"path":166,"heading":167},{"path":117,"heading":118},{"path":220,"heading":221},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fcheck-every-claim-against-its-citation","How do I check that every claim in my thesis is supported by its citation?",{"path":223,"heading":224},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fcite-the-paper-you-read-or-the-original","Should I cite the paper I read or the original study it references?",{"path":226,"heading":227},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fcited-source-does-not-say-that","What do I do when a paper's cited source does not support its claim?",{"path":229,"heading":230},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fciting-a-paper-you-cannot-access","Can I cite a paper I cannot get hold of?",{"path":232,"heading":233},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fciting-a-review-instead-of-the-original","Is citing a review instead of the original research bad practice?",{"path":235,"heading":236},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fdo-i-need-to-cite-everything","Do I need to cite absolutely everything in a thesis?",{"path":238,"heading":239},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fhow-much-self-citation","How much self-citation is acceptable?",{"path":241,"heading":242},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fjournal-page-number-or-pdf-page-number","Do I use the journal page number or the PDF page number in a citation?",{"path":244,"heading":245},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fquoting-a-source-in-another-language","How do I quote a source in another language in an English thesis?",{"path":247,"heading":248},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fwhere-does-the-citation-go","Where should a citation go when only one clause in a sentence needs support?",{"path":250,"heading":251},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fyou-described-a-result-too-broadly","How do I fix a sentence that describes a study's result too broadly?",{"path":253,"heading":254},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fzotero-or-mendeley","Should I use Zotero or Mendeley for a PhD?",{"path":256,"heading":257},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fbuild-a-synthesis-matrix","How do I build a synthesis matrix when my themes keep changing as I read?",{"path":259,"heading":260},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fkeep-a-literature-review-current","How do I keep a literature review current over a multi-year PhD?",{"path":262,"heading":263},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fliterature-review-synthesis-or-summary","How do I know if my literature review is synthesis or just a summary?",{"path":265,"heading":266},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fliterature-review-too-descriptive","What does it mean when a supervisor says a literature review is too descriptive?",{"path":268,"heading":269},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fnarrative-scoping-or-systematic-review","What is the difference between a narrative literature review and a systematic review?",{"path":271,"heading":272},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Forganize-literature-review-by-argument","How do I organize a literature review by argument instead of by paper?",{"path":274,"heading":275},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Freview-that-leads-to-your-question","How do I write a literature review that leads logically to my research question?",{"path":277,"heading":278},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fscreening-abstracts-for-a-review","How do I screen hundreds of abstracts for a systematic review?",{"path":280,"heading":281},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fstudies-with-opposite-conclusions","What do I write when two studies on the same question reach opposite conclusions?",{"path":283,"heading":284},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fsynthesis-matrix-into-paragraphs","How do I turn a synthesis matrix into literature review paragraphs?",{"path":286,"heading":287},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fsystematic-review-search-strategy","How do I build a search strategy for a systematic review?",{"path":289,"heading":290},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fwhen-to-stop-searching-for-papers","How do I know when to stop searching for papers for a literature review?",{"path":292,"heading":293},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fphd-life\u002Fdefend-your-methodology-in-a-viva","How do I defend my methodology in a viva?",{"path":295,"heading":296},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fphd-life\u002Fimposter-syndrome-in-a-phd","How do I deal with imposter syndrome during a PhD?",{"path":298,"heading":299},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fphd-life\u002Fplan-a-realistic-phd-timeline","How do I plan a realistic PhD timeline?",{"path":301,"heading":302},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fphd-life\u002Fpostdoc-or-industry","Should I do a postdoc or go to industry after my PhD?",{"path":304,"heading":305},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fphd-life\u002Fprepare-for-a-phd-viva","How do I prepare for a PhD viva?",{"path":307,"heading":308},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fphd-life\u002Fstop-procrastinating-on-your-phd","How do I stop procrastinating on my PhD?",{"path":310,"heading":311},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fphd-life\u002Fwhat-happens-if-a-viva-goes-badly","What happens if you fail a PhD viva?",{"path":313,"heading":314},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fphd-life\u002Fwhen-your-supervisor-is-not-supportive","What do I do when my PhD supervisor is not supportive?",{"path":316,"heading":317},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fphd-life\u002Fwrite-an-academic-cv","How do I write an academic CV for a postdoc application?",{"path":319,"heading":320},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Fchoose-a-journal","How do I choose a journal for my paper?",{"path":322,"heading":323},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Fdo-you-pay-to-publish-open-access","Do I have to pay to publish open access?",{"path":325,"heading":326},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Fhow-author-order-is-decided","How is author order decided on a paper?",{"path":328,"heading":329},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Fhow-peer-review-works","How does journal peer review actually work?",{"path":331,"heading":332},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Fhow-to-cite-a-preprint","How do I cite a preprint?",{"path":334,"heading":335},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Fjournal-submission-cover-letter","How do I write a cover letter for a journal submission?",{"path":337,"heading":338},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Frespond-to-reviewer-comments","How do I respond to peer reviewer comments?",{"path":340,"heading":341},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Fshould-you-post-a-preprint","Should I post my paper as a preprint?",{"path":343,"heading":344},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Fspot-a-predatory-journal","How do I tell if a journal is predatory?",{"path":346,"heading":347},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Fwhy-papers-get-desk-rejected","Why was my paper desk rejected?",{"path":349,"heading":350},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Ffind-the-paper-you-half-remember","How do I find a paper when I only remember the argument it made?",{"path":352,"heading":353},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Fhighlighting-pdfs-stops-working","Why can I never find my PDF highlights again?",{"path":355,"heading":356},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Fhow-many-papers-can-you-read-a-day","How many papers can a PhD student realistically read in a day?",{"path":358,"heading":359},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Fkeep-up-with-new-papers","How do I keep up with new papers without reading everything?",{"path":361,"heading":362},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Fnon-english-studies-in-a-review","How do I include non-English studies in a literature review?",{"path":364,"heading":365},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Fnote-system-takes-too-long","What do I do when my note-taking system takes longer than reading the papers?",{"path":367,"heading":368},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Forganize-100-papers","How do I organize and extract information from more than 100 papers?",{"path":91,"heading":370},"How do I read research papers efficiently when English is my second language?",{"path":372,"heading":373},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Fremember-what-a-paper-said","How do I remember what was in papers I read months ago?",{"path":375,"heading":376},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Frestart-a-project-after-months-away","How do I get back into a research project after months away?",{"path":378,"heading":379},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Ftrack-connections-between-papers","How do I keep track of connections between papers?",{"path":381,"heading":382},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Ftriage-pdfs-before-reading","How do I triage 200 PDFs before deciding which ones to read in full?",{"path":384,"heading":385},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-data\u002Fanonymize-qualitative-data","How do I anonymize qualitative interview data?",{"path":387,"heading":388},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-data\u002Ffair-data-principles-in-practice","What are the FAIR data principles?",{"path":390,"heading":391},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-data\u002Forganize-research-data-files","How do I organize research data files?",{"path":393,"heading":394},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-data\u002Fwhat-preregistration-is","What is preregistration in research?",{"path":396,"heading":397},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-data\u002Fwrite-a-data-management-plan","How do I write a data management plan?",{"path":399,"heading":400},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-gaps\u002Fchoose-a-theoretical-framework","How do I choose a theoretical framework for my thesis?",{"path":402,"heading":403},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-gaps\u002Ffind-a-research-gap","How do I identify a research gap in the literature?",{"path":405,"heading":406},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-gaps\u002Fis-my-research-gap-original","How do I know if my research gap is original?",{"path":408,"heading":409},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-gaps\u002Fnarrow-a-broad-research-question","How do I narrow down a research question that is too broad?",{"path":411,"heading":412},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-gaps\u002Fresearch-question-changed-mid-phd","Can a research question change during a PhD?",{"path":414,"heading":415},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-gaps\u002Fresearch-question-or-hypothesis","What is the difference between a research question and a hypothesis?",{"path":417,"heading":418},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-gaps\u002Fturn-a-topic-into-a-research-question","How do I turn a research topic into a research question?",{"path":420,"heading":421},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-gaps\u002Fwhat-makes-a-good-research-question","What makes a good research question in a PhD thesis?",{"path":423,"heading":424},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-gaps\u002Fwrite-a-research-gap-statement","How do I write a research gap statement?",{"path":426,"heading":427},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-methods\u002Fchoose-a-statistical-test","How do I choose which statistical test to use?",{"path":429,"heading":430},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-methods\u002Fhow-many-interviews-is-enough","How many interviews are enough for a qualitative study?",{"path":432,"heading":433},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-methods\u002Fhow-to-do-thematic-analysis","How do I do thematic analysis step by step?",{"path":435,"heading":436},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-methods\u002Finductive-or-deductive-coding","What is the difference between inductive and deductive thematic analysis?",{"path":438,"heading":439},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-methods\u002Fintegrate-mixed-methods-data","How do I integrate qualitative and quantitative data in a mixed methods study?",{"path":441,"heading":442},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-methods\u002Frigour-in-qualitative-research","How do I show rigour in qualitative research?",{"path":444,"heading":445},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-methods\u002Fwhat-a-p-value-means","What does a p value actually mean?",{"path":447,"heading":448},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-methods\u002Fwork-out-your-sample-size","How do I calculate the sample size for a study?",1786014768683]