[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":446},["ShallowReactive",2],{"answers-\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fai-for-systematic-review-screening":3,"answers-cluster-ai-in-research":113,"answers-related-\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fai-for-systematic-review-screening":173},{"id":4,"title":5,"answer":6,"body":7,"cluster":69,"description":70,"extension":71,"faq":72,"heading":75,"intro":63,"kind":76,"meta":77,"navigation":78,"order":79,"outbound":80,"path":87,"primaryQuery":88,"product":89,"related":93,"seo":96,"sources":97,"stem":111,"updated":101,"__hash__":112},"answers\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fai-for-systematic-review-screening.md","Using AI for Systematic Review Screening","Yes, as a second screener or a prioritization aid, not as the sole decision maker. The requirement is that the process stays reproducible and reported: state what the tool did, on which records, with what criteria, and show that you validated its decisions against human ones.",{"type":8,"value":9,"toc":62},"minimark",[10,14,17,20,23,26,29,34,37,40,43,47,50,53,56,59],[11,12,13],"p",{},"Screening is the part of a systematic review most obviously suited to automation and the part where an error is hardest to detect. A false include costs you fifteen minutes at full-text stage. A false exclude removes a study from the review permanently and leaves no trace, because nobody audits the records that were dropped.",[11,15,16],{},"That asymmetry should drive the whole design. Use the tool in the direction where errors are recoverable: as a second screener alongside a human, as a prioritizer that orders records so the relevant ones surface first, or as a flag for records a human should look at twice. Do not use it as the only thing standing between a record and exclusion.",[11,18,19],{},"The reproducibility requirement is the other constraint. A systematic review is defined by the fact that another team could repeat it. A screening step you cannot describe precisely enough to be repeated undermines the design, whatever its accuracy, which is why the reporting matters as much as the validation.",[11,21,22],{},"None of this is an argument against automation. Screening thousands of abstracts by hand introduces its own errors through fatigue, and a well-validated automated step used as a second screener can be more consistent than a tired human. The requirement is evidence, not abstention.",[11,24,25],{},"The human baseline is worse than most students assume. Across 329,332 abstract screening decisions from 25 systematic reviews, nine clinical areas, and 85 reviewers, the total human error rate was 10.76 percent, ranging from 5.76 percent to 21.11 percent between reviewers (Wang et al., 2020, p. 2). The same analysis puts abstract screening at about 0.9 minutes per reference and full-text screening at 7 minutes, so a search returning 1,000 studies costs roughly 952 hours of work (Wang et al., 2020, pp. 4, 8). The authors argue that an algorithm with error rates similar to human reviewers may be adequate precisely because the human gold standard is itself imperfect (Wang et al., 2020, p. 6).",[11,27,28],{},"The workload savings are real but domain-specific. In a review of HIV impacts on female sex workers, a random forest classifier trained by distant supervision cut manual reading by 80 percent, and a sensitivity analysis showed that training on only 10 percent of the data still let the classifier skip 75 percent of future documents while retaining 80 percent of the relevant ones (Li et al., 2022, p. 1). Treat that as one case study, not a guarantee for your review.",[30,31,33],"h2",{"id":32},"what-do-reporting-guidelines-require-me-to-declare","What do reporting guidelines require me to declare?",[11,35,36],{},"Which stage the tool was used at, its name and version, the criteria it applied, whether a human checked every decision or a sample, and the agreement between the tool and the human screeners. Anything a reader would need to judge whether your included set is trustworthy.",[11,38,39],{},"PRISMA asks for enough methodological detail that the review could be reproduced, and an automation step is part of the method. Where your target journal has its own AI disclosure requirement, that applies as well, and the two statements should not contradict each other.",[11,41,42],{},"Report the numbers rather than a reassurance. \"Agreement was 94 percent on a sample of 500 records, with three relevant records excluded by the tool and recovered by the human screener\" is a sentence a reader can evaluate.",[30,44,46],{"id":45},"how-do-i-validate-an-automated-screening-step","How do I validate an automated screening step?",[11,48,49],{},"Screen a random sample of several hundred records both ways and report the agreement, including how many relevant records the tool would have excluded. Recall matters far more than precision here, because a missed study is invisible in the final review and a false include is caught at full text.",[11,51,52],{},"Validate on your own records rather than copying a reported accuracy figure, because performance moves with the corpus and with what you feed the model. On an imbalanced dataset, a baseline classifier reached precision 0.268 and recall 0.645, while a random forest over refined clusters raised recall to 0.731 at the same precision (Li et al., 2022, pp. 7-8). Adding metadata and citation features beyond the title and abstract improved XGBoost accuracy by about 3 percent on a 1,697-citation HPV corpus and about 2 percent on a 2,865-citation pediatric pneumococcal corpus (Du et al., 2024, pp. 1, 5). Transformer models beat conventional models when only the title and abstract were available, but the conventional models became comparable once citation features were supplied, and at lower computational cost (Du et al., 2024, p. 6). Newer and larger is not automatically better.",[11,54,55],{},"Two qualifications sit behind those numbers. The models in Du et al. received limited task-specific customization and were evaluated mainly on health economics and outcomes corpora, so the authors state that generalizability to another field needs formal examination, and they list explainability, bias, and hallucination as unresolved concerns for large language models like ChatGPT and Gemini (Du et al., 2024, p. 6). Wang et al. are more permissive about accepting algorithmic error, so the two papers set different bars. Your protocol has to pick one and say which.",[11,57,58],{},"Do the validation before you rely on the tool, not afterwards. Validating at the end tells you whether the review was sound and gives you no opportunity to fix it if the answer is no.",[11,60,61],{},"If recall is not high enough for your comfort, the tool can still earn its place as a prioritizer. Ordering the records so the likely includes come first makes human screening faster without removing the human decision, and that use needs much weaker guarantees.",{"title":63,"searchDepth":64,"depth":64,"links":65},"",4,[66,68],{"id":32,"depth":67,"text":33},2,{"id":45,"depth":67,"text":46},"ai-in-research","Whether AI can be used to screen studies in a systematic review, what reporting guidelines require you to declare, and how to validate an automated screening step.","md",[73,74],{"q":33,"a":36},{"q":46,"a":49},"Can I use AI for screening in a systematic review?","answer",{},true,11,[81,84],{"label":82,"to":83},"Corpus filters and reproducible retrieval","\u002Fdocs\u002Fcore-concepts\u002Frag-and-retrieval",{"label":85,"to":86},"The literature review workflow","\u002Fdocs\u002Fresearch-workflows\u002Fliterature-review","\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fai-for-systematic-review-screening","can i use ai for screening in a systematic review",{"text":90,"to":91,"label":92},"Once a screened set is indexed in Agent Bayes you can tag the included papers and scope every later search to that tag, so both your own retrieval and the agent's stay inside the corpus your protocol defined. The filter is the same one in every search, which is what keeps the evidence base consistent.","\u002Fdocs\u002Fcore-concepts\u002Flabeled-items","How corpus filters work",[94,95],"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fscreening-abstracts-for-a-review","\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fsystematic-review-search-strategy",{"title":5,"description":70},[98,102,105,108],{"label":99,"url":100,"checked":101},"Page et al., The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews, BMJ (2021)","https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1136\u002Fbmj.n71","2026-08-06",{"label":103,"url":104,"checked":101},"Du et al., Machine learning models for abstract screening task - A systematic literature review application for health economics and outcome research, BMC Medical Research Methodology (2024)","https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1186\u002Fs12874-024-02224-3",{"label":106,"url":107,"checked":101},"Wang et al., Error rates of human reviewers during abstract screening in systematic reviews, PLoS One (2020)","https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1371\u002Fjournal.pone.0227742",{"label":109,"url":110,"checked":101},"Li et al., Automating document classification with distant supervision to increase the efficiency of systematic reviews: A case study on identifying studies with HIV impacts on female sex workers, PLoS One (2022)","https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1371\u002Fjournal.pone.0270034","answers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fai-for-systematic-review-screening","nDtVMw4fwLv5g8L49wjuuQbNq4PFliwMYEVBpixbH64",[114,119,123,128,132,137,142,147,152,157,162,163,168],{"path":115,"heading":116,"description":117,"order":118},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fwhy-chatgpt-invents-references","Why does ChatGPT make up references?","Why language models produce citations to papers that do not exist, what published studies measured about how often it happens, and how to check a reference fast.",1,{"path":120,"heading":121,"description":122,"order":67},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fcan-i-use-ai-for-a-literature-review","Can I use AI for a literature review?","Whether AI can be used for a literature review, which parts of the process it genuinely helps with, and which parts have to stay human to survive examination.",{"path":124,"heading":125,"description":126,"order":127},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fis-using-chatgpt-plagiarism","Is using ChatGPT for academic writing plagiarism?","Whether using ChatGPT in academic writing counts as plagiarism, where the line between editing and generating falls, and what university policies typically say.",3,{"path":129,"heading":130,"description":131,"order":64},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fdisclose-ai-use-in-a-paper","Do I need to disclose AI use in a research paper?","When AI use must be disclosed in a research paper, what the major publishers require and where the statement goes, and which uses are exempt from declaration.",{"path":133,"heading":134,"description":135,"order":136},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fcan-an-ai-be-an-author","Can an AI tool be listed as an author on a paper?","Whether an AI tool can be named as an author on a research paper, what COPE and ICMJE say about it, and how to credit AI assistance properly instead.",5,{"path":138,"heading":139,"description":140,"order":141},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fare-ai-detectors-reliable","Are AI detectors reliable?","What published studies found about AI text detector accuracy, why detectors flag non-native English writers more often, and what to do if your writing is flagged.",6,{"path":143,"heading":144,"description":145,"order":146},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fhow-to-cite-chatgpt","How do I cite ChatGPT in APA 7?","How to cite ChatGPT and other AI tools in APA 7, MLA 9, and Chicago style, and whether a chat should be cited at all or described in the methods instead.",7,{"path":148,"heading":149,"description":150,"order":151},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fverify-ai-generated-citations","How do I check whether AI-generated citations are real?","How to verify AI-generated citations in a few minutes, what a fabricated reference usually looks like, and how to confirm the source says what was claimed.",8,{"path":153,"heading":154,"description":155,"order":156},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fcan-you-trust-an-ai-summary","Can I trust AI summaries of research papers?","How reliable AI summaries of research papers are, what summarizers systematically get wrong, and how to check a summary in under two minutes.",9,{"path":158,"heading":159,"description":160,"order":161},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fusing-ai-in-a-phd-thesis","Can I use AI in a PhD thesis?","Whether AI can be used in a doctoral thesis, what university policies typically permit and require, and how to raise the question with your supervisor.",10,{"path":87,"heading":75,"description":70,"order":79},{"path":164,"heading":165,"description":166,"order":167},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fwhy-ai-answers-better-on-your-own-pdfs","Why does an AI answer better when it reads my own PDFs?","Why an AI gives better answers when it works from documents you supplied, what retrieval is and why it reduces fabrication, and whether it removes errors entirely.",12,{"path":169,"heading":170,"description":171,"order":172},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fusing-ai-to-write-a-peer-review","Can I use AI to help write a peer review?","Whether AI can be used to help write a peer review, what uploading an unpublished manuscript to a chatbot risks, and what publishers and funders currently allow.",13,[174,177,180,183,186,189,192,195,198,201,204,205,206,207,208,209,210,211,212,213,214,215,216,217,220,223,226,229,232,235,238,241,244,247,250,253,256,259,262,265,268,271,274,276,279,282,284,287,290,293,296,299,302,305,308,311,314,317,320,323,326,329,332,335,338,341,344,347,350,353,356,359,362,365,368,371,374,377,380,383,386,389,392,395,398,401,404,407,410,413,416,419,422,425,428,431,434,437,440,443],{"path":175,"heading":176},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fdraft-without-stopping-for-citations","How do I draft when I keep stopping to look up citations?",{"path":178,"heading":179},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fhow-long-should-a-literature-review-chapter-be","How long should a literature review chapter be?",{"path":181,"heading":182},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fparaphrase-without-plagiarizing","How do I paraphrase a source without plagiarizing?",{"path":184,"heading":185},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fstructure-a-phd-thesis","How do I structure a PhD thesis chapter by chapter?",{"path":187,"heading":188},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fthesis-by-publication-or-monograph","Should I do a thesis by publication or a monograph?",{"path":190,"heading":191},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fwrite-a-discussion-section","How do I write a discussion section without repeating the results?",{"path":193,"heading":194},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fwrite-a-methodology-chapter","How do I write a methodology chapter?",{"path":196,"heading":197},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fwrite-a-thesis-introduction","How do I write a thesis introduction?",{"path":199,"heading":200},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fwrite-an-abstract","How do I write an abstract for a research paper?",{"path":202,"heading":203},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fwrite-consistently-during-a-phd","How do I write consistently during a PhD?",{"path":87,"heading":75},{"path":138,"heading":139},{"path":133,"heading":134},{"path":120,"heading":121},{"path":153,"heading":154},{"path":129,"heading":130},{"path":143,"heading":144},{"path":124,"heading":125},{"path":158,"heading":159},{"path":169,"heading":170},{"path":148,"heading":149},{"path":164,"heading":165},{"path":115,"heading":116},{"path":218,"heading":219},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fcheck-every-claim-against-its-citation","How do I check that every claim in my thesis is supported by its citation?",{"path":221,"heading":222},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fcite-the-paper-you-read-or-the-original","Should I cite the paper I read or the original study it references?",{"path":224,"heading":225},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fcited-source-does-not-say-that","What do I do when a paper's cited source does not support its claim?",{"path":227,"heading":228},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fciting-a-paper-you-cannot-access","Can I cite a paper I cannot get hold of?",{"path":230,"heading":231},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fciting-a-review-instead-of-the-original","Is citing a review instead of the original research bad practice?",{"path":233,"heading":234},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fdo-i-need-to-cite-everything","Do I need to cite absolutely everything in a thesis?",{"path":236,"heading":237},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fhow-much-self-citation","How much self-citation is acceptable?",{"path":239,"heading":240},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fjournal-page-number-or-pdf-page-number","Do I use the journal page number or the PDF page number in a citation?",{"path":242,"heading":243},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fquoting-a-source-in-another-language","How do I quote a source in another language in an English thesis?",{"path":245,"heading":246},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fwhere-does-the-citation-go","Where should a citation go when only one clause in a sentence needs support?",{"path":248,"heading":249},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fyou-described-a-result-too-broadly","How do I fix a sentence that describes a study's result too broadly?",{"path":251,"heading":252},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fzotero-or-mendeley","Should I use Zotero or Mendeley for a PhD?",{"path":254,"heading":255},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fbuild-a-synthesis-matrix","How do I build a synthesis matrix when my themes keep changing as I read?",{"path":257,"heading":258},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fkeep-a-literature-review-current","How do I keep a literature review current over a multi-year PhD?",{"path":260,"heading":261},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fliterature-review-synthesis-or-summary","How do I know if my literature review is synthesis or just a summary?",{"path":263,"heading":264},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fliterature-review-too-descriptive","What does it mean when a supervisor says a literature review is too descriptive?",{"path":266,"heading":267},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fnarrative-scoping-or-systematic-review","What is the difference between a narrative literature review and a systematic review?",{"path":269,"heading":270},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Forganize-literature-review-by-argument","How do I organize a literature review by argument instead of by paper?",{"path":272,"heading":273},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Freview-that-leads-to-your-question","How do I write a literature review that leads logically to my research question?",{"path":94,"heading":275},"How do I screen hundreds of abstracts for a systematic review?",{"path":277,"heading":278},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fstudies-with-opposite-conclusions","What do I write when two studies on the same question reach opposite conclusions?",{"path":280,"heading":281},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fsynthesis-matrix-into-paragraphs","How do I turn a synthesis matrix into literature review paragraphs?",{"path":95,"heading":283},"How do I build a search strategy for a systematic review?",{"path":285,"heading":286},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fwhen-to-stop-searching-for-papers","How do I know when to stop searching for papers for a literature review?",{"path":288,"heading":289},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fphd-life\u002Fdefend-your-methodology-in-a-viva","How do I defend my methodology in a viva?",{"path":291,"heading":292},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fphd-life\u002Fimposter-syndrome-in-a-phd","How do I deal with imposter syndrome during a PhD?",{"path":294,"heading":295},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fphd-life\u002Fplan-a-realistic-phd-timeline","How do I plan a realistic PhD timeline?",{"path":297,"heading":298},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fphd-life\u002Fpostdoc-or-industry","Should I do a postdoc or go to industry after my PhD?",{"path":300,"heading":301},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fphd-life\u002Fprepare-for-a-phd-viva","How do I prepare for a PhD viva?",{"path":303,"heading":304},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fphd-life\u002Fstop-procrastinating-on-your-phd","How do I stop procrastinating on my PhD?",{"path":306,"heading":307},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fphd-life\u002Fwhat-happens-if-a-viva-goes-badly","What happens if you fail a PhD viva?",{"path":309,"heading":310},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fphd-life\u002Fwhen-your-supervisor-is-not-supportive","What do I do when my PhD supervisor is not supportive?",{"path":312,"heading":313},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fphd-life\u002Fwrite-an-academic-cv","How do I write an academic CV for a postdoc application?",{"path":315,"heading":316},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Fchoose-a-journal","How do I choose a journal for my paper?",{"path":318,"heading":319},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Fdo-you-pay-to-publish-open-access","Do I have to pay to publish open access?",{"path":321,"heading":322},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Fhow-author-order-is-decided","How is author order decided on a paper?",{"path":324,"heading":325},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Fhow-peer-review-works","How does journal peer review actually work?",{"path":327,"heading":328},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Fhow-to-cite-a-preprint","How do I cite a preprint?",{"path":330,"heading":331},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Fjournal-submission-cover-letter","How do I write a cover letter for a journal submission?",{"path":333,"heading":334},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Frespond-to-reviewer-comments","How do I respond to peer reviewer comments?",{"path":336,"heading":337},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Fshould-you-post-a-preprint","Should I post my paper as a preprint?",{"path":339,"heading":340},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Fspot-a-predatory-journal","How do I tell if a journal is predatory?",{"path":342,"heading":343},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Fwhy-papers-get-desk-rejected","Why was my paper desk rejected?",{"path":345,"heading":346},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Ffind-the-paper-you-half-remember","How do I find a paper when I only remember the argument it made?",{"path":348,"heading":349},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Fhighlighting-pdfs-stops-working","Why can I never find my PDF highlights again?",{"path":351,"heading":352},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Fhow-many-papers-can-you-read-a-day","How many papers can a PhD student realistically read in a day?",{"path":354,"heading":355},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Fkeep-up-with-new-papers","How do I keep up with new papers without reading everything?",{"path":357,"heading":358},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Fnon-english-studies-in-a-review","How do I include non-English studies in a literature review?",{"path":360,"heading":361},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Fnote-system-takes-too-long","What do I do when my note-taking system takes longer than reading the papers?",{"path":363,"heading":364},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Forganize-100-papers","How do I organize and extract information from more than 100 papers?",{"path":366,"heading":367},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Freading-papers-in-a-second-language","How do I read research papers efficiently when English is my second language?",{"path":369,"heading":370},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Fremember-what-a-paper-said","How do I remember what was in papers I read months ago?",{"path":372,"heading":373},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Frestart-a-project-after-months-away","How do I get back into a research project after months away?",{"path":375,"heading":376},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Ftrack-connections-between-papers","How do I keep track of connections between papers?",{"path":378,"heading":379},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Ftriage-pdfs-before-reading","How do I triage 200 PDFs before deciding which ones to read in full?",{"path":381,"heading":382},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-data\u002Fanonymize-qualitative-data","How do I anonymize qualitative interview data?",{"path":384,"heading":385},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-data\u002Ffair-data-principles-in-practice","What are the FAIR data principles?",{"path":387,"heading":388},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-data\u002Forganize-research-data-files","How do I organize research data files?",{"path":390,"heading":391},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-data\u002Fwhat-preregistration-is","What is preregistration in research?",{"path":393,"heading":394},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-data\u002Fwrite-a-data-management-plan","How do I write a data management plan?",{"path":396,"heading":397},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-gaps\u002Fchoose-a-theoretical-framework","How do I choose a theoretical framework for my thesis?",{"path":399,"heading":400},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-gaps\u002Ffind-a-research-gap","How do I identify a research gap in the literature?",{"path":402,"heading":403},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-gaps\u002Fis-my-research-gap-original","How do I know if my research gap is original?",{"path":405,"heading":406},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-gaps\u002Fnarrow-a-broad-research-question","How do I narrow down a research question that is too broad?",{"path":408,"heading":409},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-gaps\u002Fresearch-question-changed-mid-phd","Can a research question change during a PhD?",{"path":411,"heading":412},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-gaps\u002Fresearch-question-or-hypothesis","What is the difference between a research question and a hypothesis?",{"path":414,"heading":415},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-gaps\u002Fturn-a-topic-into-a-research-question","How do I turn a research topic into a research question?",{"path":417,"heading":418},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-gaps\u002Fwhat-makes-a-good-research-question","What makes a good research question in a PhD thesis?",{"path":420,"heading":421},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-gaps\u002Fwrite-a-research-gap-statement","How do I write a research gap statement?",{"path":423,"heading":424},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-methods\u002Fchoose-a-statistical-test","How do I choose which statistical test to use?",{"path":426,"heading":427},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-methods\u002Fhow-many-interviews-is-enough","How many interviews are enough for a qualitative study?",{"path":429,"heading":430},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-methods\u002Fhow-to-do-thematic-analysis","How do I do thematic analysis step by step?",{"path":432,"heading":433},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-methods\u002Finductive-or-deductive-coding","What is the difference between inductive and deductive thematic analysis?",{"path":435,"heading":436},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-methods\u002Fintegrate-mixed-methods-data","How do I integrate qualitative and quantitative data in a mixed methods study?",{"path":438,"heading":439},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-methods\u002Frigour-in-qualitative-research","How do I show rigour in qualitative research?",{"path":441,"heading":442},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-methods\u002Fwhat-a-p-value-means","What does a p value actually mean?",{"path":444,"heading":445},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-methods\u002Fwork-out-your-sample-size","How do I calculate the sample size for a study?",1786014768911]