[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":434},["ShallowReactive",2],{"answers-\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fhow-long-should-a-literature-review-chapter-be":3,"answers-cluster-academic-writing":110,"answers-related-\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fhow-long-should-a-literature-review-chapter-be":155},{"id":4,"title":5,"answer":6,"body":7,"cluster":72,"description":73,"extension":74,"faq":75,"heading":78,"intro":66,"kind":79,"meta":80,"navigation":81,"order":82,"outbound":83,"path":90,"primaryQuery":91,"product":92,"related":93,"seo":96,"sources":97,"stem":108,"updated":101,"__hash__":109},"answers\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fhow-long-should-a-literature-review-chapter-be.md","How Long Should a Literature Review Chapter Be?","Between 15 and 20 percent of the thesis, so roughly 12,000 to 16,000 words in an 80,000 word thesis. Longer than a quarter usually means the chapter is covering the field rather than building the case for your question, which is a structural problem rather than a length one.",{"type":8,"value":9,"toc":65},"minimark",[10,14,17,20,23,26,29,34,37,40,43,46,49,53,56,59,62],[11,12,13],"p",{},"The number matters less than what makes it drift. Review chapters run long for one of three reasons, and each has a different fix, so diagnosing which one you have is more useful than a word target.",[11,15,16],{},"The first is coverage anxiety: the belief that the chapter must demonstrate you read everything. It must not. It must establish that your question is worth asking, and an examiner does not measure your reading by the reference count.",[11,18,19],{},"The published guidance says the same thing. Lingard calls the chapter that reproduces everything you read a \"laundry list\", and argues that a review should summarize only the part of the scholarly conversation needed to make your contribution informed and relevant (Lingard, 2018, Part I, pp. 47-48). Lingard also reports that in published medical education papers the review runs anywhere from a few paragraphs to a few pages. That is a journal figure and does not transfer to a thesis chapter, but it shows what sets the length, which is the space required to situate the contribution and name the gap (Lingard, 2018, Part I, pp. 47-48).",[11,21,22],{},"The second is structural. A chapter organized by author repeats itself, because five studies sharing a finding produce five paragraphs. Regrouping by claim collapses those into one paragraph with five citations, and reliably removes a quarter to a third of the words without losing a single idea.",[11,24,25],{},"The third is that the empirical work is behind. The review is the chapter you can always make progress on, so it absorbs the time that the analysis is not yet ready to take. If your review is at 30,000 words in year two, the length is a symptom rather than the problem.",[11,27,28],{},"Check your regulations too. Some institutions set an overall word limit that includes footnotes, and a long review chapter can leave you cutting analysis at the end, which is the worst place to lose words.",[30,31,33],"h2",{"id":32},"how-many-sources-does-that-come-to","How many sources does that come to?",[11,35,36],{},"Typically 80 to 200 works cited in the chapter, depending on field and on how much of the literature is contested. The number follows from the argument rather than setting it, and a chapter with 400 references is usually citing much of it once, in passing, to show coverage.",[11,38,39],{},"Fields differ substantially. A theoretical chapter in the humanities may engage deeply with thirty works. A biomedical review may cite three hundred. Neither number tells you anything about the other field.",[11,41,42],{},"The maturity of the field changes the job more than the count does. Lingard contrasts a heavily studied area, such as professionalism in medical education, with a relatively understudied one. In the crowded area you have to argue explicitly that a gap still exists, which takes more words per claim even though you cite a smaller selection, and in both cases the review cannot include everything (Lingard, 2018, Part I, p. 48).",[11,44,45],{},"Pautasso puts the limit on the topic rather than on the reference list. If the topic is not defined narrowly enough, the relevant literature can run to thousands of publications, and a review of that is not useful to anyone (Pautasso, 2013, p. 1). A reference list that keeps growing usually means the question has not been bounded yet.",[11,47,48],{},"The more useful count is how many sources appear more than once. Works cited repeatedly are the ones your argument actually uses, and if that set is small the chapter is broad rather than deep.",[30,50,52],{"id":51},"what-do-i-cut-when-the-chapter-is-too-long","What do I cut when the chapter is too long?",[11,54,55],{},"Any section that does not establish a claim your research question depends on. Also cut paragraph-per-author passages, which compress heavily when regrouped by claim, and background that a reader in your field already has. Those three cuts usually recover a third of the length.",[11,57,58],{},"Cut into a separate file rather than deleting. Some of it becomes a paper, some becomes an appendix, and some comes back when a reviewer asks a question you had already answered.",[11,60,61],{},"A stopping rule works better than a word target for deciding when to stop cutting. Lingard treats mapping the gap as the review's purpose, and warns that describing the known material too fully makes your own study look unnecessary (Lingard, 2018, Part I, p. 49). Pautasso sets a compatible bar, that the review should discuss the literature critically, identify methodological problems, and leave the reader with the field's main debates and open questions (Pautasso, 2013, p. 3). Once your chapter does those things, more pages are not justified by the fact that it is a PhD rather than an MA.",[11,63,64],{},"Do the cutting in a pass of its own, after the chapter is complete. Trying to write concisely and write at all in the same session slows both, and it is much easier to see what is unnecessary once the whole argument is on the page.",{"title":66,"searchDepth":67,"depth":67,"links":68},"",4,[69,71],{"id":32,"depth":70,"text":33},2,{"id":51,"depth":70,"text":52},"academic-writing","A realistic length for a doctoral literature review chapter, roughly how many sources that comes to, and what to cut when the chapter has run too long.","md",[76,77],{"q":33,"a":36},{"q":52,"a":55},"How long should a literature review chapter be?","answer",{},true,10,[84,87],{"label":85,"to":86},"The literature review workflow","\u002Fdocs\u002Fresearch-workflows\u002Fliterature-review",{"label":88,"to":89},"Gap finding as a workflow","\u002Fdocs\u002Fresearch-workflows\u002Fgap-finding","\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fhow-long-should-a-literature-review-chapter-be","how long should a literature review chapter be",null,[94,95],"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fliterature-review-synthesis-or-summary","\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fwhen-to-stop-searching-for-papers",{"title":5,"description":73},[98,102,105],{"label":99,"url":100,"checked":101},"Pautasso, Ten Simple Rules for Writing a Literature Review, PLoS Computational Biology (2013)","https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1371\u002Fjournal.pcbi.1003149","2026-08-06",{"label":103,"url":104,"checked":101},"Lingard, Writing an effective literature review: Part I: Mapping the gap, Perspectives on Medical Education (2018)","https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1007\u002Fs40037-017-0401-x",{"label":106,"url":107,"checked":101},"Zhang, Ten simple rules for writing research papers, PLoS Computational Biology (2014)","https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1371\u002Fjournal.pcbi.1003453","answers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fhow-long-should-a-literature-review-chapter-be","EWLXmekEfsyYn6SFQVSSsQUkJZnGGU0E_EFcXZRIZ3Q",[111,116,120,125,129,134,139,144,149,154],{"path":112,"heading":113,"description":114,"order":115},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fstructure-a-phd-thesis","How do I structure a PhD thesis chapter by chapter?","The standard shape of a doctoral thesis chapter by chapter, roughly how long each chapter should be, and when in the process to write the introduction.",1,{"path":117,"heading":118,"description":119,"order":70},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fwrite-a-thesis-introduction","How do I write a thesis introduction?","What a thesis introduction has to establish, the order the moves go in, and how much of the literature belongs in the introduction rather than the review chapter.",{"path":121,"heading":122,"description":123,"order":124},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fwrite-a-discussion-section","How do I write a discussion section without repeating the results?","How to write a discussion that interprets rather than restates, what to do about findings that contradict the literature, and how honest the limitations should be.",3,{"path":126,"heading":127,"description":128,"order":67},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fwrite-an-abstract","How do I write an abstract for a research paper?","How to write a research paper abstract sentence by sentence, what each sentence has to do, and how a thesis abstract differs from a journal article abstract.",{"path":130,"heading":131,"description":132,"order":133},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fparaphrase-without-plagiarizing","How do I paraphrase a source without plagiarizing?","How to paraphrase a source properly, how different the wording has to be, and when quoting directly is the better choice than rewriting in your own words.",5,{"path":135,"heading":136,"description":137,"order":138},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fwrite-a-methodology-chapter","How do I write a methodology chapter?","What a methodology chapter has to contain, how much detail is enough, and how to justify your methodological choices rather than merely describing them.",6,{"path":140,"heading":141,"description":142,"order":143},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fdraft-without-stopping-for-citations","How do I draft when I keep stopping to look up citations?","How to keep drafting when every second sentence needs a source, which placeholder system actually works, and when to go back and fill the citations in.",7,{"path":145,"heading":146,"description":147,"order":148},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fwrite-consistently-during-a-phd","How do I write consistently during a PhD?","How to build a writing habit that survives a doctorate, how long a writing session should actually be, and what to do on the days when nothing comes.",8,{"path":150,"heading":151,"description":152,"order":153},"\u002Fanswers\u002Facademic-writing\u002Fthesis-by-publication-or-monograph","Should I do a thesis by publication or a monograph?","How to choose between a thesis by publication and a traditional monograph, how published chapters get stitched together, and the risks each format carries.",9,{"path":90,"heading":78,"description":73,"order":82},[156,157,158,159,160,161,162,163,164,165,166,169,172,175,178,181,184,187,190,193,196,199,202,205,208,211,214,217,220,223,226,229,232,235,238,241,244,247,249,252,255,258,261,264,267,270,273,275,278,281,284,287,290,293,296,299,302,305,308,311,314,317,320,323,326,329,332,335,338,341,344,347,350,353,356,359,362,365,368,371,374,377,380,383,386,389,392,395,398,401,404,407,410,413,416,419,422,425,428,431],{"path":140,"heading":141},{"path":90,"heading":78},{"path":130,"heading":131},{"path":112,"heading":113},{"path":150,"heading":151},{"path":121,"heading":122},{"path":135,"heading":136},{"path":117,"heading":118},{"path":126,"heading":127},{"path":145,"heading":146},{"path":167,"heading":168},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fai-for-systematic-review-screening","Can I use AI for screening in a systematic review?",{"path":170,"heading":171},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fare-ai-detectors-reliable","Are AI detectors reliable?",{"path":173,"heading":174},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fcan-an-ai-be-an-author","Can an AI tool be listed as an author on a paper?",{"path":176,"heading":177},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fcan-i-use-ai-for-a-literature-review","Can I use AI for a literature review?",{"path":179,"heading":180},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fcan-you-trust-an-ai-summary","Can I trust AI summaries of research papers?",{"path":182,"heading":183},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fdisclose-ai-use-in-a-paper","Do I need to disclose AI use in a research paper?",{"path":185,"heading":186},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fhow-to-cite-chatgpt","How do I cite ChatGPT in APA 7?",{"path":188,"heading":189},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fis-using-chatgpt-plagiarism","Is using ChatGPT for academic writing plagiarism?",{"path":191,"heading":192},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fusing-ai-in-a-phd-thesis","Can I use AI in a PhD thesis?",{"path":194,"heading":195},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fusing-ai-to-write-a-peer-review","Can I use AI to help write a peer review?",{"path":197,"heading":198},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fverify-ai-generated-citations","How do I check whether AI-generated citations are real?",{"path":200,"heading":201},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fwhy-ai-answers-better-on-your-own-pdfs","Why does an AI answer better when it reads my own PDFs?",{"path":203,"heading":204},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fai-in-research\u002Fwhy-chatgpt-invents-references","Why does ChatGPT make up references?",{"path":206,"heading":207},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fcheck-every-claim-against-its-citation","How do I check that every claim in my thesis is supported by its citation?",{"path":209,"heading":210},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fcite-the-paper-you-read-or-the-original","Should I cite the paper I read or the original study it references?",{"path":212,"heading":213},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fcited-source-does-not-say-that","What do I do when a paper's cited source does not support its claim?",{"path":215,"heading":216},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fciting-a-paper-you-cannot-access","Can I cite a paper I cannot get hold of?",{"path":218,"heading":219},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fciting-a-review-instead-of-the-original","Is citing a review instead of the original research bad practice?",{"path":221,"heading":222},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fdo-i-need-to-cite-everything","Do I need to cite absolutely everything in a thesis?",{"path":224,"heading":225},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fhow-much-self-citation","How much self-citation is acceptable?",{"path":227,"heading":228},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fjournal-page-number-or-pdf-page-number","Do I use the journal page number or the PDF page number in a citation?",{"path":230,"heading":231},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fquoting-a-source-in-another-language","How do I quote a source in another language in an English thesis?",{"path":233,"heading":234},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fwhere-does-the-citation-go","Where should a citation go when only one clause in a sentence needs support?",{"path":236,"heading":237},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fyou-described-a-result-too-broadly","How do I fix a sentence that describes a study's result too broadly?",{"path":239,"heading":240},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fcitations\u002Fzotero-or-mendeley","Should I use Zotero or Mendeley for a PhD?",{"path":242,"heading":243},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fbuild-a-synthesis-matrix","How do I build a synthesis matrix when my themes keep changing as I read?",{"path":245,"heading":246},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fkeep-a-literature-review-current","How do I keep a literature review current over a multi-year PhD?",{"path":94,"heading":248},"How do I know if my literature review is synthesis or just a summary?",{"path":250,"heading":251},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fliterature-review-too-descriptive","What does it mean when a supervisor says a literature review is too descriptive?",{"path":253,"heading":254},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fnarrative-scoping-or-systematic-review","What is the difference between a narrative literature review and a systematic review?",{"path":256,"heading":257},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Forganize-literature-review-by-argument","How do I organize a literature review by argument instead of by paper?",{"path":259,"heading":260},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Freview-that-leads-to-your-question","How do I write a literature review that leads logically to my research question?",{"path":262,"heading":263},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fscreening-abstracts-for-a-review","How do I screen hundreds of abstracts for a systematic review?",{"path":265,"heading":266},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fstudies-with-opposite-conclusions","What do I write when two studies on the same question reach opposite conclusions?",{"path":268,"heading":269},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fsynthesis-matrix-into-paragraphs","How do I turn a synthesis matrix into literature review paragraphs?",{"path":271,"heading":272},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fliterature-review\u002Fsystematic-review-search-strategy","How do I build a search strategy for a systematic review?",{"path":95,"heading":274},"How do I know when to stop searching for papers for a literature review?",{"path":276,"heading":277},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fphd-life\u002Fdefend-your-methodology-in-a-viva","How do I defend my methodology in a viva?",{"path":279,"heading":280},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fphd-life\u002Fimposter-syndrome-in-a-phd","How do I deal with imposter syndrome during a PhD?",{"path":282,"heading":283},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fphd-life\u002Fplan-a-realistic-phd-timeline","How do I plan a realistic PhD timeline?",{"path":285,"heading":286},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fphd-life\u002Fpostdoc-or-industry","Should I do a postdoc or go to industry after my PhD?",{"path":288,"heading":289},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fphd-life\u002Fprepare-for-a-phd-viva","How do I prepare for a PhD viva?",{"path":291,"heading":292},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fphd-life\u002Fstop-procrastinating-on-your-phd","How do I stop procrastinating on my PhD?",{"path":294,"heading":295},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fphd-life\u002Fwhat-happens-if-a-viva-goes-badly","What happens if you fail a PhD viva?",{"path":297,"heading":298},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fphd-life\u002Fwhen-your-supervisor-is-not-supportive","What do I do when my PhD supervisor is not supportive?",{"path":300,"heading":301},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fphd-life\u002Fwrite-an-academic-cv","How do I write an academic CV for a postdoc application?",{"path":303,"heading":304},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Fchoose-a-journal","How do I choose a journal for my paper?",{"path":306,"heading":307},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Fdo-you-pay-to-publish-open-access","Do I have to pay to publish open access?",{"path":309,"heading":310},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Fhow-author-order-is-decided","How is author order decided on a paper?",{"path":312,"heading":313},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Fhow-peer-review-works","How does journal peer review actually work?",{"path":315,"heading":316},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Fhow-to-cite-a-preprint","How do I cite a preprint?",{"path":318,"heading":319},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Fjournal-submission-cover-letter","How do I write a cover letter for a journal submission?",{"path":321,"heading":322},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Frespond-to-reviewer-comments","How do I respond to peer reviewer comments?",{"path":324,"heading":325},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Fshould-you-post-a-preprint","Should I post my paper as a preprint?",{"path":327,"heading":328},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Fspot-a-predatory-journal","How do I tell if a journal is predatory?",{"path":330,"heading":331},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fpublishing\u002Fwhy-papers-get-desk-rejected","Why was my paper desk rejected?",{"path":333,"heading":334},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Ffind-the-paper-you-half-remember","How do I find a paper when I only remember the argument it made?",{"path":336,"heading":337},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Fhighlighting-pdfs-stops-working","Why can I never find my PDF highlights again?",{"path":339,"heading":340},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Fhow-many-papers-can-you-read-a-day","How many papers can a PhD student realistically read in a day?",{"path":342,"heading":343},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Fkeep-up-with-new-papers","How do I keep up with new papers without reading everything?",{"path":345,"heading":346},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Fnon-english-studies-in-a-review","How do I include non-English studies in a literature review?",{"path":348,"heading":349},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Fnote-system-takes-too-long","What do I do when my note-taking system takes longer than reading the papers?",{"path":351,"heading":352},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Forganize-100-papers","How do I organize and extract information from more than 100 papers?",{"path":354,"heading":355},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Freading-papers-in-a-second-language","How do I read research papers efficiently when English is my second language?",{"path":357,"heading":358},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Fremember-what-a-paper-said","How do I remember what was in papers I read months ago?",{"path":360,"heading":361},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Frestart-a-project-after-months-away","How do I get back into a research project after months away?",{"path":363,"heading":364},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Ftrack-connections-between-papers","How do I keep track of connections between papers?",{"path":366,"heading":367},"\u002Fanswers\u002Freading-and-notes\u002Ftriage-pdfs-before-reading","How do I triage 200 PDFs before deciding which ones to read in full?",{"path":369,"heading":370},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-data\u002Fanonymize-qualitative-data","How do I anonymize qualitative interview data?",{"path":372,"heading":373},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-data\u002Ffair-data-principles-in-practice","What are the FAIR data principles?",{"path":375,"heading":376},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-data\u002Forganize-research-data-files","How do I organize research data files?",{"path":378,"heading":379},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-data\u002Fwhat-preregistration-is","What is preregistration in research?",{"path":381,"heading":382},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-data\u002Fwrite-a-data-management-plan","How do I write a data management plan?",{"path":384,"heading":385},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-gaps\u002Fchoose-a-theoretical-framework","How do I choose a theoretical framework for my thesis?",{"path":387,"heading":388},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-gaps\u002Ffind-a-research-gap","How do I identify a research gap in the literature?",{"path":390,"heading":391},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-gaps\u002Fis-my-research-gap-original","How do I know if my research gap is original?",{"path":393,"heading":394},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-gaps\u002Fnarrow-a-broad-research-question","How do I narrow down a research question that is too broad?",{"path":396,"heading":397},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-gaps\u002Fresearch-question-changed-mid-phd","Can a research question change during a PhD?",{"path":399,"heading":400},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-gaps\u002Fresearch-question-or-hypothesis","What is the difference between a research question and a hypothesis?",{"path":402,"heading":403},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-gaps\u002Fturn-a-topic-into-a-research-question","How do I turn a research topic into a research question?",{"path":405,"heading":406},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-gaps\u002Fwhat-makes-a-good-research-question","What makes a good research question in a PhD thesis?",{"path":408,"heading":409},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-gaps\u002Fwrite-a-research-gap-statement","How do I write a research gap statement?",{"path":411,"heading":412},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-methods\u002Fchoose-a-statistical-test","How do I choose which statistical test to use?",{"path":414,"heading":415},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-methods\u002Fhow-many-interviews-is-enough","How many interviews are enough for a qualitative study?",{"path":417,"heading":418},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-methods\u002Fhow-to-do-thematic-analysis","How do I do thematic analysis step by step?",{"path":420,"heading":421},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-methods\u002Finductive-or-deductive-coding","What is the difference between inductive and deductive thematic analysis?",{"path":423,"heading":424},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-methods\u002Fintegrate-mixed-methods-data","How do I integrate qualitative and quantitative data in a mixed methods study?",{"path":426,"heading":427},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-methods\u002Frigour-in-qualitative-research","How do I show rigour in qualitative research?",{"path":429,"heading":430},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-methods\u002Fwhat-a-p-value-means","What does a p value actually mean?",{"path":432,"heading":433},"\u002Fanswers\u002Fresearch-methods\u002Fwork-out-your-sample-size","How do I calculate the sample size for a study?",1786014769184]